Copernicus Essays - Copernican Revolution, Copernican Heliocentrism

Copernicus Nicolas Copernicus Nicolas Copernicus 1473-1543 Physics February 8, 2000 Nicolas Copernicus Nicolas Copernicus 1473-1543 Copernicus was born in Poland in 1473, he started his education at Cracow University. There he studied mathematics and optics. From here he went to Italy, where he was appointed as a canon in the cathedral of Frauenburg, where he spent a comfortable academic life studding. Copernicus had some small hobbies while at the cathedral, he painted, and frequently translated Greek poetry into Latin. One other hobby that just wasn't small enough to be called a hobby to most of us was astronomy. He made investigations quietly and alone, without any help. He observed from a turret on a protective wall around a cathedral, he also looked with his naked eye rather than with a telescope. He was one of the founders of modern astronomy. Copernicus died in 1543 of a cerebral hemorrhage. In 1530 right before Copernicus died he managed to published his work, De Revolutionibus. Which said that the earth rotated on its axis once daily and traveled around the sun once yearly. This might no sound very controversial but at this time the church and its followers believed in the Ptolemiac theory, which stated that the universe was a closed space bounded by a spherical envelope beyond which there was nothing. (Landry 1999) Copernicus's works went against the church, and most scientific beliefs. This may be one reason why Copernicus didn't publish his work until his deathbed. Another reason may be that Copernicus was a huge perfectionist, and continuously redid his works over and over to get them right. (Field 1995) So you can see why Copernicus wasn't in any big rush to have the world know about his theory. On one hand he would cause a Nicolas Copernicus tramoundous stir in the church, and all the scientific community. He would've most likely have been fired from the comfortable church position he had for many years, and could?ve given him a bad name. If it hadn't been for George Rheticus, a 25-year-old German mathematics professor Copernicus's might have never publiched his work. (Field 1995) Rheticus stayed with Copernicus for two years, and convinced him to release his work. ?His work the Copernicus's heliostatic cosmology involved giving several distinct motions to the Earth. It was consequently considered implausible by the vast majority of his contemporaries, and by most astronomers and natural philosophers of succeeding generations before the middle of the seventeenth century. Its only defenders included Johannes Kepler (1571 -1630) and Galileo Galilei (1564- 1642). Strong theoretical underpinning for the Copernican theory was provided by Newton's theory of universal gravitation (1687).? (Field 1995) So Copernicus's whole argument stated that the planets and the Earth were in orbit around the sun, and the moon was in orbit around the Earth. This is called the The Heliocentric System: Nicolas Copernicus In conclusion Copernicus said that the Sun was the center of the universe, and went against all known knowledge, religion, and teachings. He took all his observations with the naked eye and with no help. Many disregarded his book and his theory, which went against everything that the church believed in. However if it wasn't for Copernicus, modern astronomy would have never made advances as far as it has to today. Copernicus's hard work and strength is why he is one of the most important founders of modern astronomy. Bibliography Field, J. V. (1995 August). Home page. [Online]. [2000, Feb. 8]. Astronomy 161 ?The Solar System? . [Online]. University of Florida. [2000, Feb. 8]. Landry, Peter (1999 June). Home page. [Online]. Dartmouth, Nova Scotia. CANADA. [2000, Feb. 8].

EHR Paper

EHR Paper EHR Paper Achieving quality improvements through EHR is neither low cost nor easy. That being said, depending on how much the physician uses the EHR, not the hard copy of the record, is what will make the difference. Physicians seem to feel that the cost of changing from paper charts to EHR is a little high. Not only do they think this will affect their bottom line income, but also the amount of time they can spend with their patients. The physician office is hit from the beginning with the cost. They know going into the implementation of the EHR that the stimulus money from the government is not going to begin to replace the cost of the system they are using until meaningful use is achieved. Physicians also worry about the cost of training personnel and he cost to keep the EHR system up to date. When looking at the big picture one can see how cost are reduced. The cost of transcription is lowered with the physicians doing their own dictation, if the office has a clerk that has to pull or refile the hard copy of the chart; the cost is reduced there too. A plus is more accurate reimbursement, because the coder can bill more accurately. The EHR also helps with the reduction of late bill filing. Once a physician has chosen a product to use to implement the EHR they worry turns to compatibility. The physician has to worry if the system his office uses is going to work with other physician offices and the hospitals. Unless the EHR systems have the ability to talk with each other, HHS says that he health information system will remain disconnected. EHR reduces paperwork, reduces the number of tests being duplicated and reduces the number of medications errors being sent to the pharmacies. The EHR has taken the medical industry to a whole new level by allowing physicians and patients the opportunities to access their health information from anywhere. The government will not tell the physician what program they have to use, but they will provide assistance with the IT part. The government is giving physicians and hospitals together around $20 billion to help with implementing of the EHR. If a physician does not move toward the EHR, he will see penalties. The penalties will be a decrease in the Medicare fee schedule. Each year the physician does not change over to the EHR, they will lose 1% off of the fee schedule. Upon changing from the paper record to the electronic record, physicians are reporting seeing less of their patients. Physicians have much faster access to their patient’s information; they are able to make faster and better decisions about their patients’ health. One time saving advantage of the EHR is the use of e-scripts. This process allows the physician to send a digital copy of the patient’s prescription to the pharmacy of the patient. This cuts down on medication error and the pharmacist having a difficult time reading what the physician has written. The physician sends the scripts befo re the patient have even left the office and normally the pharmacy has the medication ready when the patient arrives. Physicians are skeptical about the EHR system and have negative feelings for good reason. Most physicians are very concerned with losing patient information.

New ventures and entrepreneurship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

New ventures and entrepreneurship - Essay Example Formulating a vision is, indeed, a business challenge because sometimes entrepreneurs should transform themselves into magicians. Majority of people are receptive to the current entrepreneurial approaches, but it is an entrepreneur’s responsibility to visualise and predict the future. An entrepreneur should always remain a couple of steps ahead of development to avoid becoming irrelevant (Birley & Muzyka, 2000:45). It is also the responsibility of an entrepreneur to fit futuristic plans and ideas into the present, and to create solutions for others’ problems. Most innovative, entrepreneurial ventures in the last four decades were envisioned long before they became realities. For example, for Apple CEO Steve Jobs wanted every to have a PC while Bill Gates wanted to develop user-friendly software for personal computers. These visions allowed Gates to become the richest individual in the world while Jobs became the most recognisable business personality of the 21st century .Sourcing CapitalHaving developed a sound business proposal, the next challenge involves raising capital in order to support the creation of the new venture. Only entrepreneurs have an excellent understanding of business ideas. Attempting to rope investors into ideas that are only good on paper is a very big challenge for all entrepreneurs. Attempting to convince them that they are capable of actualising the idea and being trustworthy is extremely challenging, especially in new ventures (Chandra, 2013:34).

Analyse the impact and effectiveness of ILO (international labor Essay

Analyse the impact and effectiveness of ILO (international labor organization) convention in child labor in China - Essay Example expensive or less troublesome than that of adults, when other labour is scarce, and when they are considered irreplaceable by reason of their size or perceived dexterity.1† In many South Asian countries, juvenile child labour is easy to find and kept in places like workshops, factories and for household purposes. There data present showing the exact and calculated number of child labour in China. China has a history of thirty years with ILO and its role has been continuously changing since. In early 70’s China declared itself a non-active member because of the absence of inevitable tripartite employees, trade union and government structure which was the basic membership requirement of ILO. Peoples Daily, a famous newspaper in China, refers to an investigation started by the government organization which was accountable for examining labour conditions throughout the country. According to this report, child labour is most common in factories of fireworks, toys and textiles, construction, food production, and light mechanical work. Child labour is highly in demand, as children have smaller hands and pure eye vision by years of labour, which makes them more stipulating than adults for many types of work. Furthermore, child labour complexes the scenario, problems like no school, hazardous working conditions, unbelievably low wages, overloaded work pressures resulting in harmful negative effects on physical and mental growth. Abusive and sexual exploitation and armed conflict are the worse issues which also rise due to underage children working. Like any other country, there is a law in China which strictly prohibits child labour. In this paper, thus, the main focus was on the recommendations which suggest imposing severe punishment on violators and on reinforcing the government’s monitoring and judicial systems. This document is necessary to understand the efforts of China in regard to child labour and also its joint effort with the ILO2. The U.S. Department

OUTSOURCING HUMAN RESOURCES FOR BOROUGE Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

OUTSOURCING HUMAN RESOURCES FOR BOROUGE - Essay Example The highlighted objectives of the research that led to the research include; examining the advantages for outsourcing human resource as compared to increasing the number of employees in the company, to determine some outsourcing models for worldwide competitive organizations as well as the local competitive organizations, obtain systems that use the models of outsourcing in determining the objectives as well as the aims of the business Other objectives are to examine the use of the models in both global and local competitive organizations and recommend the best and suitable strategies that the human resource need to employ in the organization to reduce the cost and increase the production and the profits of the business. The paper gives report of the research conducted to determine and obtain various objectives of the research. The report will cover the survey as well as the analysis of the information collected. One of the major aims of this research was to determine the significant, outcomes and the importance of outsourcing human resource in the organization. In the report, the advantages and the benefits of the strategy to the organization are expected to be more than the disadvantages. Clearly the research to obtain numerous objectives related to outsourcing human resource. This strategy has both benefits and shortcomings. Although the strategy has disadvantages, the benefits are more than the advantages. Comparing the method to other options such as hiring more employees, the outsourcing model appear to be more beneficial to the organization. Therefore, it is advisable that the human resource department use and adopt the models of outsourcing strategies in the businesses. The human resource department has various functions in the company. They handle the payroll of the employees as well as the filing of tax. The department is also responsible for ensuring health and the benefits of the

The Importance Of Play Children And Young People Essay

The Importance Of Play Children And Young People Essay The central interest of this essay is to evaluate the role of play in relation to language and communication development. Developmental psychology is the main source to explore and explain this unique interrelation, because it offers vital information about the human behavior. For this reason several developmental theories occur from many scientists such as Jean Piaget, Lev Vygotsky, Sigmunt Freud, Albert Bandura and other contemporary scientists, who managed to clarify the aspects of child development from different perspectives. Initially, this essay illustrates the importance of play by describing its categories. Play theories are briefly demonstrated and divided into classical and contemporary. Thereafter, it mentions the characteristics of language through the aspects of two respectful scientists, Lev Vygotsky and Jean Piaget, in order to understand the correlation between language and play development. It illustrates the existence of nine basic communicational skills and why non-verbal and verbal communication is so important. Also, this essay analyzes research which explains the direct relation between play, language and communication. Through detailed references, the idea that the role of play is salient in childs development is supported. Next illustrates the importance of finger, mime and rhyme play to explain that even the most common games possess a significant role in language development. Last but not least, analyzes how play reinforces the literacy development and finally demonstrates the opinio n of the writer. The Importance of Play Arguably, play is a vital part of the development of children which has many implications in their lives. Despite the difficulty of referring a commonly accepted definition, play is a vital part of the developing child (Sheridan Howard Aldelson, 2011). It is a fundamental action which occurs throughout childrens life and is divided to two categories, free play and structured play. Precisely, free play is an action where the child can choose the rules and the form of play, without the participation and the engagement of an adult. Hence, the child becomes the leader of the play (Tassoni Hucker, 2000). On the other hand, structured play is defined as an action which is directed by adults. Many researchers have claimed that free play offers more opportunities to children for learning than the second category does. At the same time, there are proponents of this view and others who do not adopt this notion. For this reason, Thomas, Howard and Miles proved by a study they conducted, that free play, in other words playful mode play, is capable of fostering childrens ability of learning. They state that through this mode childrens communication is benefited, because that playfulness creates the ability of enhancing miscellaneous types of behaviors. As a result, educational settings use this method to foster childrens language and communication development (McInnes, Howard, Miles Crowley, 2009). It is of importance to mention that there are play theories which are separated into two categories, classical and modern theories of play. Concisely, classical theories consist of the Surplus Energy Theory, Recreational or Relaxation Theory, Pre-exercise Theory and the Recapitulation Theory of play (Sheridan Howard Aldelson, 2011 Stagnitti, 2004 Tassoni Hucker, 2000). Modern theories concluded by the Arousal Modulation Theories of Play, the Psychodynamic Theories of Play, the Cognitive Developmental Theories of Play and the Sociocultural theories of Play. The last category is divided into two sub-categories which are the Play as Socialization and the Metacommunicative Theory (Stagnitti, 2004). Moreover, there are five types of play, which are cited as physical play, play with objects, symbolic play, socio-dramatic/pretence play and games with rules (Whitebread, 2012). The above five types of play help children to expand their abilities not only in language and communication domain, but also in the physical, cognitive, social and emotional development (Sheridan Howard Aldelson, 2011). According to the constant evolution of language and communication, play and its benefits in this domain must be analyzed in depth, in order to evaluate childrens developmental potentials through play. Language and Communication Language is a strong communication tool (Moyles, 1989) which fosters childrens abilities. Through language we can live the past again, evaluate the future and use this vital tool when we face complex situations (Crain, 2000). Also, many developmental theorists tried to explain, how children adopt primal abilities as they grow up and some of them, gave special emphasize to the language and communication development and how is related to play. They evaluate childrens development from birth to adulthood. Vygotsky, claimed by his social constructivism theory, that language is the cultural tool which facilitates the processes of thinking and learning. It was his firm belief that children must comprehend language, in order to interact in the society. Hence, according to Vygotsky, play and language are interrelated (Moyles, 2005). Due to the fact that through play children master communication skills, they interpret the use of objects and imitate the attitudes and the habits of adults (Gray MacBlain, 2012). In addition, he stated that children gain knowledge when they participate in social communication and consequently, they adopt new meanings. Therefore, according to Vygotsky, children act in the zone of proximal development (Whitebread, 1996), which means that every child has limited potential when accomplishing an activity but he can expand his skills with a suitable help (Lindon, 2001). However, another respectful scientist did not lay emphasis, as Vygotsky did, on the importance of language during childrens development. Piaget, a Swiss scientist, stated that language mechanism is used by the young child only to express some basic satisfactions and not to foster more complex functions such as thought and logic (Gray MacBlain, 2012). Furthermore, Piagets opinions did not promote childrens abilities; instead he undervalued them, by applying activities that were too complex for children competences (Whitebread, 1996). On the contrary, some scientists argue that childrens thought, started to function logically as they learn how to use language. This happens because language skills are difficult to be assimilated by young children, but when this gradually occurs, logic develops (Crain, 2000). Nevertheless, Piaget did not support the above notion by mentioning that logic derives from actions (Gray MacBlain, 2012). On the grounds that language is an integral part of communication, it is important to pinpoint some of the skills that children develop in this domain. In other words there are nine basic communication skills. Initially, children learn to request reinforcement, to request assistance, to accept and reject offers. Furthermore, they respond to the order wait or no, they respond to directions, follow a schedule and finally they are able to do a transition from one place to another (Frost Bondy, 2011). For instance, when children pretend to be a patient in a hospital, they learn when they have to wait their turn in order to be examined by the doctor and they give order such as wait, stay, come. Communication is a complex function. Before the emergence of words, children can communicate in a high level before adopting language production and language comprehension (Sheridan Sharma Cockerill, 2008). The above aspect describes the non-verbal communication type which is very important. Newborn babies communicate non-verbally to express their needs. Facial expressions, body language, proto-sounds and perception of feelings are the attributes of non-verbal communication (Whitehead, 1999). Hence, adults start to communicate with children initially non-verbally and secondly verbally. Research argues that conversation between children and adults which contains a large number of open questions is essential because children have the opportunity to respond with spoken language. In other words, when children feel that they are active participants in an adult-child conversation, they feel playful which is salient for the development of language. (Howard McInnes, 2012). Fostering Language and Communication Skills through Play To begin with, studies have proved that there is a strong connection between language and play. A research which had taken place in Japan in 1989, showed remarkable signs that play and language are correlated with each other. Specifically, the four children who participated in this research, were observed twenty times each in a free play mode, where the individual had a passive role. The intention of the study was to analyze early language development and play development (Ogura, 1991). Thus, six features of language were illustrated in order to analyze the findings better. These were the emergence of first words, naming words, vocabulary spurts, word-chains, nonproductive two word utterances and the emergence of productive two-word utterances (Ogura, 1991 p.278). Furthermore, that research divided play to thirteen subcategories. The findings showed that children managed to obtain the ability of naming words because they had been involved in preverbal communication. Also, children be gan to name objects when conventional naming act category of play appeared. Furthermore, words and sounds have a strong relationship each other. It was proved that children through the functional relational manipulation play and the container relational manipulation play, managed to adopt the above important function and the production of first words as well. Moreover, it was stated that the early language development is related to the subsitutional play. Also, this study illustrated that the environment is a major factor in the development of the symbolic play. As a result, language is being influenced by the social interaction. Moreover, childrens vocabulary spurts appeared with the subsitutional play. Word-chains appeared when pretend doll play, subsitutional play and pretend other play took place during the observations. In addition, the fifth language category derived in parallel with planned play and combinatorial symbolic play. The last language category was related to planne d play (Ogura, 1991). Undoubtedly, this paper shows the unique interrelation between language development and play. Researchers evaluated the connection between symbolic play with play materials and symbolic play with play situation. Firstly, during childrens play with unstructured play materials, they found that children who are at the age of three to four years old could imitate the activities of adults. However, in structured play children were able not only to imitate but also to participate slightly in role play. At the age of four to five years old childrens unstructured play evolved and they started to express questions and ideas with the mediate tool of spoken language. On the contrary, in structured play they used more conversation. This study showed that in the first type of play children at the age of five to six used their body language and voice to clarify a situation. Also, both in structured and unstructured play, children preferred to play in sex groups. We can notice that structured materials are better for younger children because they do not offer limitations in their ideas whil e playing. In other words, younger children need to enhance their expressive ideas by playing with structured play materials to be adequately prepared for school (Umek Musek, 2001). At the same time, symbolic play related to play situation showed that phonetic imitation (Umek Musek, 2001 p. 61) is promoted and that at the age of four children use social speech. Moreover, they use social markers, in order to speak like adults (Ervin-Tripp, 1973). Later, at the age of five children used metacommunication in their play. Metacommunication is very important because children can discuss about play. They stop in order to negotiate the next step of the game. Indeed, it promotes dialogue among peers. It is very important because it can be used as scaffolding to childrens language development (Andersen, 2005). According to this study, metacommunication levels are higher when children are older. Moreover, the same study proposes that is better and more helpful for children to play in mixed groups rather than in groups based solely on their age. Hence, children can play in the zone of proximal development. Therefore, they foster their language and communication skills. Aga in, this study shows us that play which is depended whether from materials or situation is correlated with language development. Apart from the above studies there are play activities which enhance language and communication skills. For instance, children are benefited by mime because they develop an alternative thought. This occurs by observing a diversity of individuals demonstrating their thoughts. Consequently, they can think more complicated situations and they are able to express their ideas with an enriched vocabulary. Furthermore, finger play helps children to the counting process (Woodard Milch, 2012). Moreover, rhymes can provide many opportunities in children to enhance their language skills. According to a study, rhyme awareness helps children to recognize phonemes which are very important for reading skills. The sensitivity to rhyme enables children to group words together with the same spelling features (Bryant MacLean Bradley Crossland, 1990). Play fosters Literacy Vygotsky evaluated the role of make-believe play in children development and he argued that literacy is enhanced by play. He describes that children initially act spontaneously when they play, and the process of learning happens with their will. On the contrary, when children go to school they must change their behaviors to a planned and a structured environment. Vygotsky stated that make-believe play is the important mediate tool for children to adopt written language and to succeed in school (Roskos Christie, 2007). Furthermore, drawing is considerable as a necessary action for children. Research has shown that children can expand their graphic vocabularies and they can represent their meanings, which means that through drawing communication is enhanced (Whitebread, 2012). Besides, Vygotskys research has shown that drawings in the early childhood are connected with the ability of writing and spoken language, which means that the meaning of childrens drawings is not only the drawing as a picture but the drawing as an expressive tool of their thoughts (Roskos Christie, 2007). In conclusion, it is worth mentioning, that in childrens play the repetition and the renaming of play materials fosters the ability of the direct relation between words and the objects they portray. The above function is called metalinguistic awareness and it has been proven that it is necessary for written language (Roskos Christie, 2007 p.193). Conclusions It is clear, therefore, that the above essay illustrated the direct correlation between play, language and communication. Despite the fact that, it has been proven that play fosters the learning process, there are still opponents of this view, who state that formal learning strategies are better than playful approaches. However, this essay contradicts the notion of formal learning methods by supporting the opinion, that play does enhance language and communication by citing adequate bibliography to prove that. Children can reach high standards in the learning process of language because during play they are motivated and are not possessed with the feeling of fear (McInnes et al., 2009). To sum up, due to the fact that play has been decreased from school settings, it is salient to ensure that play must exist in the preschool and in the first school years of a child, because a child is always above his average age, above his daily behavior; in play it is as though he were a head taller than himself (Roskos Christie, 2007 p.199).

Comparing Amy Tans The Joy Luck Club and Waiting for Mr. Kim :: comparison compare contrast essays

The Joy Luck Club and Waiting for Mr. Kim    Throughout Asian American literature there is a struggle between Asian women and their Asian American daughters. This is the case in The Joy Luck Club, written by Amy Tan and also in the short story "Waiting for Mr. Kim," written by Carol Roh-Spaulding. These two stories are very different, however they are similar in that they portray Asian women trying to get their American daughters to respect their Asian heritage. There are certain behaviors that Asian women are expected to have, and the mothers feel that their daughters should use these behaviors.   In The Joy Luck Club, the novel traces the fate of the four mothers-Suyuan Woo, An-mei Hsu, Lindo Jong, and Ying-ying St. Clair-and their four daughters-June Woo, Rose Hsu Jordan, Waverly Jong, and Lena St. Clair. Through the experiences that these characters go through, they become women. The mothers all fled China in the 1940's and they all retain much of their heritage. Their heritage focuses on what is means to be a female, but more importantly what it means to be an Asian female.      In the short story "Waiting for Mr. Kim," the main female character Gracie understands what it means to be an Asian female, but she does question the meaning because of her sisters. Her sisters ran away from home and eloped before their marriage could be arranged. This is totally against Asian culture, and it causes Gracie to question her heritage and her Asian femininity.    In both of these stories there are certain characteristics of females that are the same, they are inner strength, obedience, honor and respect, the good of the family is better than the good of the individual.    In the chapter "Scar" the characteristic of honor and respect is first noticed. In this chapter An-mei finds out how her mother deserted her, her mother did leave for a good reason, which was to maintain the honor of her family, but either way her mother left her. Her grandmother had to raise her, and she learned much about the Asian woman from her. An-mei was showing some disrespect towards one of her aunts, and her aunt told her that she was being disrespectful. Her grandmother then interjected and said, "When you lose your face, An-mei...it is like dropping your necklace down a well. The only way you can get it back is to fall in after it.

How important is the banquet scene in this play as a whole? Essay

Before we are able to fully explore the importance of Act III, Scene IV, of Shakespeare’s famous ‘bloody’ tragedy it is necessary to look briefly at what is meant as a tragedy for Shakespeare used tragic circumstances in order to give insight into lots of situations and help tell a story, usually with a moral attached. Although Macbeth is undoubtedly ‘tragic’ and one of the bloodiest and violent of Shakespeare’s plays its tragic nature doesn’t necessarily stem from the murders and grievances within the play. Shakespeare has used Macbeth’s vulnerability and naà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ve nature to portray tragic circumstances and to highlight the flaws within his character. Macbeth is a fascinating individual; he is transformed by evil from a strong and noble general to a king that will stop at nothing, including murder, to retain his throne and hence his power. However, he is rarely in control of a situation and from the beginning, when he encounters the three witches, deeply suspicious and afraid of the supernatural, ‘Speak if you can, what are you?’ Act I Scene III. This is shown as he depends on the witches to guide him with what to do and good becomes entwined with evil, ‘ Fair is foul, and foul is fair’, Act I Scene I. This also gives us a clue that it is going to be hard in the play to tell the difference between good and evil and when we encounter Banquo’s ghost in Act III, Scene IV we know any glimmer of hope felt by Macbeth since the murder of Banquo is to be short lived. The line ‘fair is foul, and foul is fair’, also indicates a warning to us as readers that things may not necessarily be what they seem and they most definitely are not. Many versions of this quote are used throughout the play including the line of Lady Macbeth’s when she tells Macbeth to; ‘play the humble host’ Act III Scene IV. When she says ‘play’ she is showing that she realises they have to cover up their true feelings. This is similar to ‘fair is foul, and foul is fair’ and can also be compared with the line Lady Macbeth uses to tell her husband to cover up his treachery ‘look like th’ innocent flower, But be the serpent under ‘t’, Act I Scene V, just before Duncan is to arrive at their castle. The banquet scene, therefore, is one of the most important scenes of the play and, once the ghost appears, becomes a pivotal point. Things, up until now, were going relatively smoothly for Macbeth and he has fulfilled his dream of becoming king and his wife, lady Macbeth, queen. Although she knows of Duncan’s murder, she has not been included in the plans for murdering Banquo, ‘Be innocent of the knowledge, dearest Chuck,’ Act III Scene II, and at the beginning of the ‘banquet scene’ he wishes only for her to join in the celebrations for his coronation ‘ Our hostess keeps her state, but in best time we will require her welcome,’ Act III Scene IV Line 6-7. The banquet has been arranged so that the new King and Queen can be properly introduced to their courtiers and is going as planned until the Murderers arrive to tell Macbeth that although they have killed Banquo, Fleance has escaped. Although Macbeth is uneasy about this news, ‘Hath nature that in time will venom breed’ Act III SceneIV and is linked to his doubts about one of Banquo’s predictions from the Witches, ‘Thou shalt get Kings, though thou be none’, he dismisses the murderers and prepares to enjoy the banquet in a ceremonious way. However, his ease is to be short-lived for as he is about to sit down he sees Banquo’s ghost in his place at table. He cannot believe this and questions his Lords, ‘Which of you has done this?’ but they are unable to see the ghost and rise to leave, thinking he is ‘unwell’. Guilt, denial and fear swamp Macbeth, ‘Thou canst not say I did it: never shake thy gory locks at me’, and he thinks someone knows he killed Duncan and is setting him up. It seems guilt is the strongest theme in this scene, it is the reason for the ghost of Banquo being present in Macbeth’s mind only, and his guilty conscience is seeping through with this sign of madness. Although Lady Macbeth accuses her husband of being a coward, ‘This is the very painting of your fear’ as she did at the time of Duncan’s murder, she apologises to the guests and tries to cover up for him saying it is an illness he has had from a child, ‘my Lord is often thus and hath been from his youth.’ Because he is so frightened I feel she is beginning to suspect him of something but does not understand what exactly, ‘Why do you make such faces?’ The Ghost leaves and Macbeth tries to understand what has happened, in Scene II he was saying how lucky Duncan was because he was at peace in death, ‘After life’s fitful fever, he sleeps well’, but now he is worrying because he has seen the dead rise up again and wonders that in his own death he too may not be at peace; ‘But now they rise again with twenty mortal murders on their crowns’. This seems to link in with the supernatural introduced with the witches and shows a weakness and confusion in Macbeth’s character as he fears death; ‘ I have a strange infirmity, which is nothing to those that know me’, Act III Scene IV. After the ghost leaves and the guests have gone it is almost dawn. Lady Macbeth says ‘Night, is almost at odds with morning.’ I feel Lady Macbeth is beginning to doubt her previous actions and seems confused over good and evil becoming entwined. Macbeth makes a short speech that could easily be compared to an earlier scene in the play – Act II Scene II, when Macbeth and Lady Macbeth are washing away Duncan’s blood from their hands. This could be an image of them ‘washing’ away the guilt that, in the end, forces Lady Macbeth to commit suicide when she feels she can’t wash the blood from her hands. This drives her to her madness like the ghost of Banquo starts to do to Macbeth. This is a famous speech that talks about wading in blood and has the word ‘blood’ repeated five times, ‘ blood will have blood’. Macbeth feels he is in this so deep there is no going back, ‘Returning were as tedious as go’er’, the turning point has now been reached and the last line indicates there is more killing to come, ‘We are yet but young in deed.’ This proves the importance of the Banquet Scene. We have reached the end of one chapter and the beginning of another and it is also a turning point in the relationship of Macbeth and Lady Macbeth. At the beginning of the banquet they were as close as they were at the beginning of the play, despite the ‘cloud’ of Duncan’s death. But by the end of the banquet we find Macbeth unable to confide in his wife for advice and going to the witches in place of her, ‘I will to-morrow (And betimes I will) to the Weird Sisters.’ And we now know that Lord and Lady Macbeth do not know darkness from light or evil from good. There must only be darkness and death ahead for them both. Fair has become foul and foul has become fair.

The Crucible Essays - Salem Witch Trials, The Crucible, Tituba

The Crucible Essays - Salem Witch Trials, The Crucible, Tituba The Crucible The Crucible takes place in Salem, Massachusetts in 1692. It begins with a sense of witchcraft in the air, when we find out that Reverend Parris (the town minister) and the town are concerned about Betty, Parris' daughter, who has fallen "a victim of witchcraft." We find out that Betty, her cousin Abigail, Tituba, a slave, and other girls in the town had been cavorting and practicing witchcraft, naked in the woods, the night before. Since this occurred, Betty had been in a coma-like trance that was suspected to be caused by witchcraft. We soon find out that Abigail has control over the other girls and blackmails them into lying which eventually leads to unnecessary murders of innocent people throughout the book. We also find out that Abigail worked for John and Goody Proctor, but was fired after she had an affair with Mr. Proctor. Since then, Abigail has had it out for Goody and was attempting to kill her with witchcraft that night in the woods. Her devious and obviously insane state of mind makes the ?if she can't have him, no one can theory' come into effect, until it suddenly changes into if ?she can't have him, she'll make his and everyone else's lives miserable'. Also, a vicious circle of paranoia and self centeredness comes into action, which also leads to the many unnecessary deaths, when one by one, the innocent are accused, tried, and killed for being witches, even though there is no evidence to support any of the cases, except for the reactions of Abigail and the other girls in the courtroom. The play ends with John Proctor being tried and hung for suspicions of witchcraft, even though he is obviously not a witch. Their reasoning is that all of the others were unjustly killed, so he had to be killed also. It also says that Abigail leaves town and was rumored to have become a prostitute.

Inverted Pyramid Method of Organization in Newswriting

Inverted Pyramid Method of Organization in Newswriting The inverted pyramid became a standard form in American newspapers early in the 20th century, and variations on the form remain common today in news stories, press releases, short research reports, articles, and other forms of expository writing. It is a method of organization in which facts are presented in descending order of importance. Examples of Inverted Pyramid Composition The concept behind the inverted pyramid format is relatively simple. The writer prioritizes the factual information to be conveyed in the news story by importance. The most essential pieces of information are offered in the first line, which is called the lead (or summary lead). This usually addresses the so-called five Ws (who, what, when, why, and where). Thus, the reader is able to ascertain the key elements of the story immediately. The writer then provides the rest of the information and supporting contextual details in descending order of importance, leaving the least essential material for the very end. This gives the completed story the form of an inverted pyramid, with the most important elements, or the base of the story, on top. Opening With the Climax If the essence of the story is its climax, then a proper inverted pyramid places the storys climax in the lead or opening sentence. The most important elements of a well-written news article thus appear in the lead, the very first sentence of the story. Cutting From the Bottom The inverted pyramid style in newspaper writing was developed because editors, adjusting for space, would cut the article from the bottom. We can write the same way in a magazine article. . . .We add details as we enlarge the article. So the weight is like an inverted pyramid, with the details of lesser importance at the end of the article.For example, if I write, Two children were injured when fire swept through the First Community Church, Detroit, Michigan, on May 10. The fire is believed to have started from unattended candles. Thats complete, but a lot of details can be added in succeeding paragraphs. If space is tight, an editor can cut from the bottom and still save the essential elements. Using the Inverted Pyramid in Online Writing The inverted pyramid structure, typically used in newspaper writing, is also appropriate for long narrative text in online technical documents. Use this structure to organize paragraphs and sentences within a section of narrative text. To create an inverted pyramid structure, follow these guidelines: Use clear, meaningful headings or lists at the beginning of a topic.Create separate paragraphs or topics to emphasize important points.Do not bury your main point in the middle of a paragraph or topic. Sources Robert A. Rabe, Inverted Pyramid. Encyclopedia of American Journalism, ed. by Stephen L. Vaughn. Routledge, 2008Bob Kohn,  Journalistic Fraud. Thomas Nelson, 2003Roger C. Palms, Effective Magazine Writing: Let Your Words Reach the World. Shaw Books, 2000Sun Technical Publications, Read Me First!: A Style Guide for the Computer Industry, 2nd ed. Prentice Hall, 2003

Constitutional law of the european union Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 2

Constitutional law of the european union - Essay Example This effect is obtainable only to the extent of divergence between national law and Community law2. A vertical direct effect enables a party to invoke a Directive against a state for non implementation of a Directive. Horizontal direct effect, involves the invocation of a non implemented Directive against a private entity3. The jurisdiction of the ECJ extends over the actions brought by the ECB and the Court of Auditors, if conditions similar to those stipulated above, are in existence. Moreover, a legal or individual entity, placed in a similar situation, can initiate action to oppose a decision that affects that entity directly and individually4. As such, a Member State commits a serious breach by not implementing a Directive. In Dillenkofer v. Germany, the ECJ ruled that a Member State that failed to adopt measures, which would have realized the aims of a Directive, was guilty of deliberate and serious disregard of EC Law. The victim of such non implementation of a Directive was to be recompensed for the damage sustained by him, provided such loss could be directly attributed to the non implementation5. Plaumann v. Commission related to a decision, which disallowed Germany to reduce import duty on clementines. This decision was challenged by Plaumann, who contended that he was put to considerable loss due to this decision. The ECJ interpreted the test of individual concern to connote, whether Plaumann was harmed by the decision, due to his membership of a group that was affected by this decision or in his individual capacity. This Court opined that Plaumann was merely a member of the class of clementine importers, and that any person could acquire that status. Therefore, his contention was not accepted by the ECJ6. The UK government failed to implement the fictitious Directive 2006/2001, which related to chemical ABC. Fattenem took advantage of this situation and produced this chemical to such an

Advanced Corporate Finance Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Advanced Corporate Finance Assignment - Essay Example Johansson declines to any more talks on a merger. Two days later, Pfizer decides to make its interest on AstraZeneca public. It reaches 2nd May, 2014, when Pfizer raises its offer to  £63bn to AstraZeneca. The offer was attached with the pledge for Pfizer to attach its European operations in and 20% of the merged companys workforce be located at Cambridge for the first five years. Still there was a rejection of this second offer by AstraZeneca. AstraZeneca goes ahead on 6th May, 2014, to publish a strategy update that highlighted its drugs in development. On 7th May, there was a call to issue a stronger reassurance by Pfizer. This followed the unrest over the political pressure of job losses and cut on the UK science researchers. A day later, the former science Minister, Lord Sainsbury accuses Pfizer of being an asset stripper, hence urges that the companys takeover interest should be blocked. On 10th May, Read, in a video, on the official Pfizer website, refers to the merger as a win-win situation and prefers the use of AstraZenecas Cambridge science hub and the UKs science researchers in general. Pascal Soriot, who is the chief executive of AstraZeneca, says the merger would risk lives by delaying drug development. Read then admits that the merger would for sure lead to job cuts and reduced research spending. The chair of this committee then writes to the science minister expressing his concerns over the merger case. On 16th May, there was an increased bid by the labors shadow business secretary to block Pfizer from the takeover. The government officials, on 18th May, agreed to amend the terms of the British governments public interest test. In this light, only ministers were allowed to block takeovers after adequate concerns were raised against the takeover. On the same day, Pfizer raised its offer to  £69.4bn which makes AstraZeneca to be very eager to get back into the negotiations. However, AstraZeneca still rejected the last