The Importance of Internal Communication

The Importance of Internal dialogueCommunication is often defined as an transpose of information. Exchange involves at least(prenominal) one sender and one receiver so true dialogue thus infers a two way process a dialogue, non a monologue. Information provide involve text, voice, pictures and in fact every data which the human body can pick up with its five senses including emotion. Internal converse theory can be defined as the direct two way talk theory between employers and their staff. Effective intragroup conversation which can be said to be downward, upward and swimming, is a vital entails of addressing organisational concerns. Effective internal chat has been shown to ease make better employee engagement through increased job satisf action, safety and decreased absenteeism, grievances and staff turnover. Such improvements argon linked to improved productivity and boilers suit profitability. Effective internal communication theory is every active enabl ing us to do our jobs to the best of our ability and ensuring that all of us are running(a) together towards the similar organisational goals. This can mean anything from encouraging you to talk to and exchange ideas with pack from other departments to explaining the direction that we are heading in as set out by the Universitys decision-making bodies. We use a series of communications channels and tools to keep you informed and give us the chance to get a line to your opinions. (prof. A.P Krishnan)Why is internal communication so important?Because edify, concise, and consistent communications educate employees, enabling them to appreciate the value of their organisations vision, programs or projects and is a portentous chemical element in engaging the employees keeping them tensenessed, productive and committed. The contri exclusivelyion that clear and legal channels of communication can make to an organisation is substantial, not least in enlisting employees support for bu siness objectives, aligning everyones activities and providing whatsoever motivation to raise performance levels. Where appropriate mechanisms are in place, employees are likewise more likely to engage with the organisational values and objectives murderering feedback and sexual climax forward with ideas. Internal communication is more than the art and technique of in effect imparting thoughts, information, and ideas to large numbers of people. It has become the single, some important element that enables an organisation to parcel their vision and galvanise their work force to action that moves the organisation forward.( Lyn Smith,)Impact of Communication in organisational changePoor communication during a cartridge holder of organizational change can turn a difficult situation into a crisis. In spite of this age of proud technology, a few(prenominal) organizations cast off channels of communication that are adequate to the demands of change. hoi polloi say, But you nev er told me and you begin to realise how in impelling thousands of emails, memos, websites can be Maybe a team meeting or a two-minute soulal conversation would have been better This sort of training go out allow you learn when one style is better than some other Develop a written communication plan to ensure that all of the following fall out within your change charge process. Communicate consistently, frequently, and through multiple channels, including speaking, writing, video, training, focus groups, bulletin boards, Intranets, and more about the change. Communicate all that is hunchn about the changes, as quickly as the information is available. (Make clear that your bias is toward minute communication, so some of the enlarges may change at a later date. Tell people that your other choice is to hold all communication until you are positive about the decisions. This is disastrous in effective change management. Provide significant amounts of time for people to ask ques tions, petition clarification, and provide input. If you have been part of a scenario in which a loss leader presented changes, on overhead transparencies, to a large group, and then fled, you know what fearful news this is for change integration.( Pamela Mounter) Clearly communicate the vision, the mission, and the objectives of the change management effort. benefactor people to understand how these changes willing affect them personally. (If you dont help with this process, people will make up their own stories, usually more negative than the truth.) credit that true communication is a conversation. It is two-way and real discussion moldiness leave. It cannot be just a presentation. The change leaders or sponsors require to spend time conversing one-on-one or in small groups with the people who are expected to make the changes. Communicate the reasons for the changes in such a way that people understand the context, the purpose, and the subscribe to. Practitioners have c alled this building a memorable, conceptual framework, and creating a theoretical framework to underpin the change. Provide answers to questions only if you know the answer. Leaders destroy their credibility when they provide incorrect information or appear to stumble or back-peddle, when providing an answer. It is much better to say you dont know, and that you will try to find out. Tony Greener Leaders need to listen. Avoid defensiveness, excuse-making, and answers that are assumption too quickly. Act with thoughtfulness.Overcoming barriers in communicationWhen you send a message, you stipulate to communicate meaning, but the message itself doesnt contain meaning. The meaning exists in your judgment and in the mind of your receiver. To understand one another, you and your receiver moldiness share similar meanings for dustup, gestures, tone of voice, and other symbols.1. Differences in perceptionThe humanity ever bombards us with information sights, sounds, scents, and so on. Our minds organize this stream of sensation into a mental map that represents our perception or reality. In no campaign is the perception of a certain person the very(prenominal) as the world itself, and no two maps are identical. As you view the world, your mind absorbs your experiences in a unique and personal way. Because your perceptions are unique, the ideas you want to express disaccord from other peoples Even when two people have experienced the same event, their mental images of that event will not be identical. As senders, we deal the details that seem important and focus our charge on the intimately relevant and general, a process known as selective perception. As receivers, we try to fit new details into our existing pattern. If a detail doesnt quite fit, we are inclined to distort the information rather than arrange the pattern. (Peter J. Holzer)2. Incorrect filteringFiltering is screening out before a message is passed on to someone else. In business, the filters between you and your receiver are umpteen secretaries, assistants, receptionists, say machines, etc. Those same gatekeepers may also translate your receivers ideas and responses before travel them on to you. To submerge filtering barriers, try to establish more than one communication channel, eliminate as many intermediaries as possible, and decrease distortion by condensing message information to the bare essentials.3. Language problemsWhen you choose the wrangle for your message, you signal that you are a member of a particular horticulture or subculture and that you know the code. The nature of your code imposes its own barriers on your message. Barriers also exist because words can be interpreted in more than one way. Language is an arbitrary code that depends on shared definitions, but theres a limit to how completely any of us share the same meaning for a given word. To overcome row barriers, use the almost specific and accurate words possible. Always try to use words your audience will understand. Increase the accuracy of your messages by using language that describes rather than evaluates and by presenting observable facts, events, and circumstances.4. Poor listeningPerhaps the most common barrier to reception is simply a lack of attention on the receivers part. We all let our minds wander now and then, regardless of how voiceless we try to concentrate. People are essentially likely to drift off when they are forced to listen to information that is difficult to understand or that has little direct bearing on their own lives. Too few of us simply do not listen well To overcome barriers, paraphrase what you have understood, try to view the situation through the look of other speakers and resist jumping to conclusions. Clarify meaning by communicate non-threatening questions, and listen without interrupting.5. Differing emotional statesEvery message contains both a gist meaning, which deals with the subject of the message, and a relationship m eaning, which suggests the nature of the interaction between sender and receiver. Communication can break down when the receiver reacts negatively to every of these meanings. You may have to deal with people when they are upset or when you are. An upset person tends to ignore or distort what the other person is saying and is often unable to present feelings and ideas effectively. This is not to say that you should void all communication when you are emotionally involved, but you should be supple to the greater potential for misinterpret that accompanies aroused emotions. To overcome emotional barriers, be aware of the feelings that arise in your self and in others as you communicate, and travail to control them. Most important, be alert to the greater potential for misunderstanding that accompanies emotional messages.6. Differing groundsDifferences in background can be one of the hardest communication barriers to overcome. Age, gentility, gender, social status, economic sic, cultural background, temperament, health, beauty, popularity, religion, political belief, even a deprivation mood can all separate one person from another and make understanding difficult. To overcome the barriers associated with differing backgrounds, avoid projecting your own background or culture onto others. Clarify your own and understand the background of others, spheres of knowledge, personalities and perceptions and dont arrogate that certain behaviors mean the same thing to everyone. (Dana Bonbrisco Dodzik)Recommendations for managers for ameliorate communication investigate indicates that managers spend somewhere between 50% 80% of their total time communicating in one way or the other. This isnt surprising, since communication is so critical to everything that goes on in an organization. Without effective communication there can be little or no performance management, innovation, understanding of clients, coordination of effort, AND, without effective communication i t is difficult to manage the expectations of those who are in a position to make decisions about your fate. (Eileen Scholes) It can also be said that many managers do not communicate well, and do not set an organizational humor where communication within the organization is managed effectively. This isnt surprising, since a manager who communicates inefficaciously and does not encourage effective organizational communication is unlikely to meet about it. Poor communication is self-sustaining, because it eliminates an important feedback loop. Staff are execrate to communicate their concerns about communication because they do not perceive the manager as receptive. Both staff and management play out a little dance. In short, you may be fostering poor communication, and never know it. You may see the symptoms, but unless you are looking carefully, you may not identify your own involvement in the problem. What can you do about it? Effective organizational communication, regardless of form, requires three things. First, all players must have the appropriate skills and understanding to communicate well. Communication is not a simple process, and many people simply do not have the required depth of understanding of communication issues. (Marisa Desoiza) Second, effective organizational communication requires a climate or culture that supports effective communication. More specifically, this climate involves trust, openness, reinforcement of goodness communication practices, and shared responsibility for making communication effective. Third, effective communication requires attention. It doesnt just happen, but develops as a result of an intentional effort on the part of management and staff. Too often, communication, whether it is good or bad, is taken for granted. We can define your role in improving communication with respect to each of these. First, if you want to improve communication, you will need to ensure that you and staff have the skills and knowledge n ecessary to communicate effectively. This may mean formal training is in order, or it may mean that you coach staff and provide feedback so that they can improve. Second, you play a critical role in fostering and nurturing a climate that is characterized by open communication. Without this climate, all the skills in the world will be wasted. Finally, you must bring communication to the forefront of organization attention. If you make the effort to improve communication, your staff will recognize that it is important. If you ignore it, so will staff. polishIt is very clear that internal communication is an integral part of management of an organisation. The effectiveness of management depends upon the efficient internal communication system. The communication operates as the nerve system of group activity.ReferencesProf. KP Krishnan-business communication Lyn Smith, Pamela Mounter-Business Economics- Tony Greener- Internal communication a practical guide to effective employee commun ication Eileen Scholes-handbook of internal communication decent Ellison, National School Public Relations Association -Communication in statement Marisa Desoiza Internal communication its influence on the staff and the organization Dana Bonbrisco Dodzik -Communication in organizations Peter J. Holzer-Improving internal communications to creating a building a nurture organization http//www.idea.gov.uk/idk/core/page.do?pageId=7816302 http//www.opcuk.com/downloads/defining_internal_communications.pdf www.sheffield.ac.uk//Internal_Communication_Audit_FindingsEXECSUMMARY.docBibiliographyhttp//www.communicology.org/content/definition-communicology http//books.google.co.uk/books?q=internal+communicationlr=sa=Nstart=10 http//managementhelp.org/mrktng/org_cmm.htm http//books.google.co.uk/books?id=IC48OAAACAAJdq=internal+communications+in+an+organisationlr=cd=20 Prof. KP Krishnan-business communication Lyn Smith,Pamela Mounter-Business Economics- Tony Greener- Internal communication a pr actical guide to effective employee communication Eileen Scholes-handbook of internal communication bonnie Ellison, National School Public Relations Association -Communication in education Marisa Desoiza Internal communication its influence on the staff and the organization Dana Bonbrisco Dodzik -Communication in organizations Peter J. Holzer-Improving internal communications to creating a building a learn organization http//www.idea.gov.uk/idk/core/page.do?pageId=7816302 http//www.opcuk.com/downloads/defining_internal_communications.pdf www.sheffield.ac.uk//Internal_Communication_Audit_FindingsEXECSUMMARY.doc

Exploring New Trends Of Literature

Exploring advanced Trends Of inditesEffortless and high-speed access to internet through mobile ph peerlesss and com gravelers has do the man impatient, edgy and hungry for bangledge. No one has time to stop, to depict and to enjoy. The busy life of man leaves him no time for leisure and hobbies. In this fast-paced world, knowledge is wider with little countersigns. Somehow, voice communication seem non as importance as they used to be. Books, newspapers, journals arrive at taken a back-seat in this electronic-age. In America most major paper publications like the New York Times or the w t erupt ensemble street Journal argon having put out surviving in face of the alternate media that is the internet. Cybernetic cultivation is displacing linear, closed, cave man reading. It is trans take a craping the process of literary reading. The reader is continuously exposed to inter- textual ties and practical(prenominal) ties of mass media and that of information technology. Peo ple, moreover kids today get under ones skin gyp attention-spans. considerable drawn out sentences, n eer ending paragraphs and slender long description ar not comprehensible to them. For voice Thomas Hardy. Hardy has a flair for the native lands and usually writes pages describing landscapes which is not appreciated by todays reading audience. I mean, how do we relate? There are no landscapes left field which we can see and admire their beautyLiterature has faced uncountable changes ever since its existence. Passing through all the ages, it has flourished deeply. In the age of cybernetics, literature has plough an art form. Its being redefined as per the needs of a younger population. advance(a) tools pay back helped literature operate an equalizer between the haves and the have-not. SMS has created new live for urban quotations and poems. Stories can now be presented in 140 characters or less. No wonder we say the world is growing smaller. Flash manufacturing and micro- fictionalization have sidelined long elaborative patterns of physical composition. Earlier people used to spend hours in libraries searching and reading up on information for their answers and papers. Now, however all one needs to do is GOOGLE it An entire world of information is complaisant at the click of a mouse. The same is with dictionaries. Oxford, which was once considered the bible for literature students is no more that important. Almost all the mobile phones have dictionaries. And if not that, there is still the web. Software like Word web etc provides one with the meaning for almost all the words.The 6 word novel is a new field for writers to experiment. After she died, he came alive by Rebecca crowd and One gun, two shots, three dead by Marcy are examples of a six word novel. This is a new fashion of writing which is dispute and creative. It may be easy to write a long, narrative and detailed novel scarcely writing a novel as short as six words requires innov ation. Hundred years back no one would have thought of writing a novel in six words. Mr. Dickens is definitely turning in his grave. Six word novels leave the reader curious and thoughtful. The meaning is also left to readers interpretation. It requires a lot of creativity and imagination We are moving ever next to the concept of the Death of the Author, that Roland Barthes had propounded. The text now has more and more gaps that makes it more and more readerly than writerly. Further Blogging sites have given opportunity to upcoming, amateur writers. They are getting more and more popular. Flash fiction too is an in thing. It has restricted words and the idea has to be tawdryy and catchy. The famous example is Aesops Fables. It is loved by all due to its concise form of writing and implied moral. Even famous writers like OHenry, Ernest Hemingway, and Anton Chekov as flash fiction writers. Examples chirrup fiction refers to original, self-contained works of fiction in each shove p ublished by Twitter users. Twitter fiction is being categorize into certain new literary genres, which are given new call by combining the name of the diverse genres with the name of the application. Therefore, Thrillers become Twillers, Haikus become Twaikus and Short Stories become Twistories or Twisters. Twitter has come about as a revolution. A television serial SHIT MY DAD SAYS which makes its CBS entrance in September is based on a Twitter commit started by struggling comedy writer Justin Halpern in 2003, who captured his own fathers piquant manner of speaking and forthright observations. As an expression of postmodern literature, twitter fiction shares characteristics of micro-fiction (printed), such as brevity, multiple meanings and inter-textual ties.Literature is also an art of writing the above mentioned forms are not only new trends and ways of enhancing exclusively also re-altering art. It has diverse, exigent and very spontaneous forms and unlike the convention al. It has gained immense popularity. It gives you the delectation of knowledge and quenches your curiosity in small and controlled doses. It definitely creates new and different genres of literature. These forms have come in to acceptance because of their popular demand. These new and novel trends are unimaginable concepts from the point of view of anyone living a few decades ago. Blogging, twittering, micro blogging, 6 word novels, all of them are changing the trends of literature with regards to reading and writing. Its giving opportunity to upcoming talent and is helping deconcentrate the processes of who gets to publish what in the world of literature.Of course, these new trends are fascinating and evoke but, according to some literary purists, it is degrading the classics and the conventions of literature. Literary purists are put off by internet slang, which according to them gives rise to the abuse of language and superficiality. Especially on Twitter, for e.g. The Catch er in the Rye by J.D. Salinger is racy kid thinks everyone is fake except for his little sister. Has breakdown. Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen has become Woman meets man called Darcy who seems horrible. He turns out to be victorian really. They get together. Dantes Inferno is boiled down to Im having a midlife crisis. Lost in the woods. Should have bought my iPhone. These are non-formal free form styles of writing and they often run out grammatical errors, wrong use of diction and have little abide by for the great works of literature from which some of them copy. These are shorter than short stories, flashier than flash fiction and now they have become Twititure. SMS and Facebook poetry have been claimed to have degraded the language, vocabulary, form and conventions of writing too. Urban words and slangs are bonnie common to every mouth. To some, phrases like ash hole, zombie Jesus, directionally challenged, pen you in dont make sense. Nor do they consider it as any form of legal language.Grammar is lost and has almost disappeared in todays scenario. SMS languages have ruined the role of vocabulary and spelling. Spellings with missing vowels are now growing famous. The fast-paced life is cursory for literature. No longer do many want to learn the elaborate of any book, grammar or even poetry. Somehow, Classics are now growing honest-to- severeness fashioned and boring. Anything that is short and interesting is definitely catchy for todays generation. We want to know everything now Who cares if its missing a comma or two or that it lacks in depth and research.Lastly in cybernetic culture, hypertext may blend as an art form by offering pleasures of virtual immediacy, spontaneity, rich web of texts in various media and interactivity for the reader. Literature as a form of art, can be studied in depth adding more weightage to the content. new(prenominal) the subject in itself is losing its importance and charm. Hypertext version can be the boon to revive Literature. For e.g. D.G. Rosettis The Blessed Damozel in its hypertext version will have the poem and the word-painting juxtaposed. Using zoom in and zoom out the student and/or reader can view the relevant sections of the painting and be able to relate better with the poem. How many times have we literature students heard the word boring being tagged on with our stream of study. The decisive moment of literary life will be that of reading. Mankind is beginning to understand how to dismantle and reassemble the most abstruse and unpredictable of all its machines Language.Earlier people used to write diaries but it has now become the talk of the past. Reliving memories through Facebook, twitter and other networking sites is a lot easier. Uploading of pictures on Facebook saves man from the tedious task of victorious care of albums or preparing scrapbooks (Anyway there is no space to keep them) totally the friends have an access to the albums online and are free to add their comments on the pictures save it till the account survives. Is it necessary?Todays world is far richer in words and concepts and signs than the world that surrounded primitive man. Far more people are getting involved, are taking part in the process or writing than ever before. The changing face of literature is an uncontrollable factor, whether its good or bad is undetectable and unknown.

Evidence Based Practice in Nursing Essay

Evidence Based course session in breast feeding Essay mental hospitalEvidence based practice is a thickening go across that carrys synthesizing consider findings to establish the best explore rise and correlate ideas to form a body of empirical noesis (Burns woodlet 2007). There are some(prenominal) definitions but the most comm further lessond is Sackett et al (1996). Sackett et al (1996) as cited in Pearson, Field, Jordon, (2007) key outs demonstrate based practicethe conscientious, explicit and judicious use of catamenia best address open certify in making decisions approximately the tuition of individual diligents. The practice of demo based medicine representation integrating individual clinical experience with the best available outside(a) recount from dogmatic explore. (Sackett et al 1996 page 5).The author pass on discuss the importance of evidence for practice, different typewrites and take aims of evidence. The question offset, spread of e vidence, barriers and go forth conduct a critique of cardinal interrogation articles.The importance of evidence based practice is to enable obliges to run utmost timberland superintend, repair outcomes for patient and families and to run a much efficient health service. and then other agencies within the health service will benefit when interventions and do by is based on interrogation (Burns woodlet 2007). According to the nursing and tocology Council (NMC) code shields are accountable to society to provide a high feel of fright so therefore it is important that retains reflect, evaluate the assist and keep abreast of new familiarity and evidence that is available (Burns woodlet 2007). Providing a streamlined service, which is cost effective and based on current evidence based practice has shown to reduce cost but as well as to enhances the character of look at the patient receives (Melnyk et al2010). Working in partnership with the suckle the patient is a ble to infix in decisions about their care. This is not only beneficial for the patient but overly incr simple mindednesss the satiscircumstanceion of the nurse treating the patient (Craig Smyth 2007). Furthermore Craig Smyth (2007) suggests evidence based practice is a line-solving snuggle to the rescue of health care. In using a problem solving approach the nurse is able to integrate clinician expertise and patient preferences to provide severalise care suitable for the patient.To acquire association in the past, nurses render relied on decisions based on trail or error, personalised experience, tradition and ritual. Parahoo (2006) suggests acquire by tradition and ritual are important means of transferring knowledge, for example learning the ward routine. According to Brooker and Waugh (2007) Students learn from effective colleagues who practice resort and on the basis of best evidence. still, a disadvantage of this system of learning may lead to transmission o f invalid information and may site the patient and nurse at risk (Brooker Waugh 2007). According to Burns and woodlet (2007) to generate knowledge a variety of research methods are needed. The two different research methods are denary and qualitative. According to Burns and plantation (2007) numeric research is an objective formal systematic process and demonst grade its findings in numerical info. According Munh wholly told (2001) qualitative research is deriveing information to describe vivification experiences by a systematic and subjective approach and does not use figures or statistics to produce findings. In nursing practice the quantitative approach has been considered to provide stronger evidence than qualitative (Pearson, Field, Jordon, 2007). Pearson, Field, Jordon (2007) suggest health professionals and servicer users get hold of a variety of information to serve change and to include evidence not only of effectiveness but feasibility, appropriateness and m eaningfulness to achieve evidence based health care practice.Evidence based practice promotes the occupation of research evidence as a basis on which to desex health care decisions so it is important to search for the truth and knowledge logic all(a) in ally. Robust research which may draw on expertise and experience represent a higher level of evidence because of the discipline knotted (Burns Grove 2007). There are thirteen steps in the quantitative research process and 1 step gradually builds on another(prenominal) (Burns Grove2007). The beginning of the research process starts with a problem which usually highlights a gap in knowledge (Melnyk Fine-Overholt 2005). The next step is the purpose of the research. This is produced from the problem and identifies the aim of the information (Burns Grove2007). To build a picture up of what is cognise or not known about the problem a literary works review is conducted. This will provide current theoretical and scientific knowledg e about the problem and highlight gaps in the knowledge base (Burns Grove 2007). This is followed by the study framework and research objectives, questions and hypotheses. This continues to the end till all the steps are covered. The final step is the research outcome.Hierarchy of evidence is generated from the lumber of information from different evidence. Practitioners are able to use the pecking order of evidence to inform them on which information is most likely to cave in the maximum impact on clinical decisions (Leach 2006). Leach (2006) suggests hierarchy of evidence may be use to discover research findings that supersede and vacate earlier judge treatments and change them with interventions that are safer, efficient and cost-effective. If findings from a controlled trial run are inadequate, choices should be guided by the next best available evidence (Leach 2006).According to Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (SIGN 2009) the revised grading system is planne d to place greater weight on the quality of the evidence supporting each recommendation, and to highlight that the body of evidence should be considered as a whole, and not rely on a wholeness study to support each recommendation. The grading system currently in use with the SIGN guidelines starts with 1++ and ends in 4. For the evidence to be rated at 1++ it must include a high quality meta-analyses, systematic reviews of random controlled trails (RCT) or RCT with a low risk of bias. Level 4 is based on expert opinion (SIGN 2009).There are umpteen barriers to implementing evidence based practice. One of the common barriers is staff information and aptitude deficit. Health professionals lose of knowledge in regarding results of clinical research or current recommendations may not beget the sufficient technical upbringing skill or expertise to implement change (Pearson, Field, Jordon 2007). Nurses concord as well as highlighted lack of time as a barrier in applying research to practice. As the number of patients increases nurses face the challenge of providing safe, high-quality care within a short time frame. Nurse educators and researchers have developed a toolkit to ease the implementation of evidence based practice into nursing (Smith, Donez Maghiaro 2007).According to Gerrish and Lacey (2006) dissemination is a process of informing people about the results of a special(prenominal) research. There are many itinerarys to present results, video, seminars and the most accepted is through professional journals. yet with the internet be more nonexempt the researcher is able to post details on the website hosted by NHS go for or university. One disadvantage in using the internet is that it provides no guarantee of quality (Gerrish Lacey 2006). SIGN guidelines are circulated free of charge end-to-end Nation Health Service (NHS) Scotland. For this to happen they must be do widely available as soon as possible to facilitate implementation. Furtherm ore guidelines on their own have proved ineffective and more likely if they are disseminated by active educational intervention and employ by patient-specific reminders relating directly to professional activity (SIGN 2009). pass judgment 1Rydstrom I, Dalheim-Englund A, Holritz-Rasmussen B, Moller C, Sandman P-O (2005). bronchial bronchial asthma attack attack attack quality of behavior for Swedish baberen.Journal of clinical Nursing 14, 739-749. Blackwell Publishing Ltd.As the gloss suggests this was a research to find out how Swedish children with asthma experience their quality of vitality and to look for potential links among their experience of quality of life and some determinants. This study was elegant by using a quantitative research approach which adhered to the aims and objectives. Quantitative research is formal, objective, systematic inquiry that involves numerical data (Burns Grove 2007). The two introduces used in the quantitative research were correlat ion and quasi-experimental (Burns Grove 2007). This is an acceptable method to use as the study was trying to explore the relationship amidst two variables and the findings were produced in a numerical format.In previous lit it was noted investigations in children with asthma around the world all had equivalent experiences (Rydstrom et al2005).It also highlighted that girls and boys perceived asthma in a different way and girls were more likely to include asthma in their social and personal identities where boys would exclude the condition (Williams 2000). The researchers wanted to ask the children how they experience their life biography with asthma. Also to look at possible links between childrens quality of life and determinants such as age, sex, pets, siblings, location and social status (Rydstrom et.al. 2005).some(a) common types of sampling used in quantitative research are random and non-random samples (Burns and Grove 2007). In the article for the purpose of this study all hospitals and clinics were used and fifteen were chosen randomly for the study (Rydstrom et al2005). Both children and parents were asked to participate in the study but children had to meet the inclusion criteria before being selected (Rydstrom et al2005). By using a random sample the general cosmos becomes representative of the larger whole (Parahoo 2006).Validity was established by cross-matching pediatric asthma attack Quality of life Questionnaire (PAQLQ) with About my Asthma (AMA), by Mishoe et.al.(1998). Warschburger (1998) recommended that PAQLQ was a reliable instrument and Reichenberg Brogerg (2000) found that there was no difference concerning dependableness between the Swedish and the original PAQLQ.The study was approved by The morals Committee at the Medical Faculty of Umea University in Sweden and consent was true from parents and children. Burns and Grove (2007) define sampling as a process of selecting groups of people who are representative of the popul ation.Data was collected through egotism administration questionnaires. There advantages and disadvantages in using questionnaires. Advantage premierely, the data is pull together is standardised and therefore easy to analyse. Secondly, respondents bath answer anonymously which may produce more honest answers. A disadvantage is the responses may be inaccurate especially through misinterpretation of questions in self complemental questionnaires. (Gerrish Lacey 2006). Children age seven to seventeen were required to fill in paediatric Asthma Quality of life Questionnaire (PAQLQ) which was used to measure the childrens quality of life in different domains. Parents were required to fill in Paediatric Asthma Caregivers Quality of life Questionnaire (PACQLQ) (Rydstrom et al2005). Children and parents filled in questionnaires separately and a nurse was on hand to help children who could not manage on their own.The researchers clearly identify what statistical tests were undertaken. tho the results are presented in a complex manner. The results showed the majority of children estimated their quality of life at the positive end of the scale. Children describe impairment in the domain of activities than emotions and symptoms for example not being able to run around. Living in the south of Sweden and being a boy were reported to have a bust quality of life. Furthermore children active with a Mum over forty or with cohabiting parents had a better quality of life (Rydstrom et al2005).The researchers brought to the attention of the reader the laminations within the study. Children view friends and their social environment being important to them however there were no questions relating to this and also it did not take into consideration the childs stage of development (Rydstrom et al2005). Also the research was do within a week, therefore would the results be different if it was done over a longer period. This was not a controlled research so there is a possibil ity that some data may be missing as nobody was checking to see if the children had filled in all the questions.The findings highlight it is important for the nurse to look at all aspects of the child development. Furthermore caring tends to focus on the patients limitations, another important counter for nurses is to try to discover those aspects in a childs daily life that devote to a high QoL in order to improve and maintain the childs wellbeing.Critique 2Lyte, Milnes, Keating Finke 2007. Review instruction for children with asthma in autochthonic care a qualitative case study.Journal of Nursing and health care of Chronic indisposition in association with Journal of Clinical Nursing 16, 7b, pp123-132As the title suggests this research article will focus on review management for children with asthma within a primary care setting. This study was accomplished by using a qualitative case study design. In using a qualitative case study design it can provide much more comprehensi ve information than what is available through other methods, such as surveys (Neale, Thapa Boyce 2006). Neale, Thapa Boyce (2006) suggest case studies also suffer one to present data collected from multiple methods (i.e., surveys, interviews, document review, and observation) to provide the complete story. Qualitative research is systematic, subjective approach (Burns Grove 2007) which describes life experiences, meanings, practices and views of those involved (Craig Smyth 2007).In the UK one in eight children suffers from the effects of asthma and the majority of cases are now being managed in the primary care setting (National Asthma Campaign 2001). With improvement in management of asthma over the years there is still a high level of morbidity and mortality (Lyte et al2005). Out of Sight, Out of Mind (Asthma UK 2005) agrees with Lyte et al(2005) that death rates are high. In Scotland the death rates due to asthma interpolate each year. Furthermore inquires have shown at lea st 90% of those deaths could have been avoided. However child admissions to hospital due to asthma have locomote slightly (Out of Sight, Out of Mind Asthma UK 2005). Furthermore it was highlighted through a systematic review of literature published at the time of research that it was unknown whether primary care based asthma clinics were effective. Additionally it think that patients views on asthma clinics were also unknown (Fay et al2003). One cannot ignore the fact that there are evident gaps in generic knowledge of primary care asthma services for children in the UK (Lyte et al2005). Therefore the aim of the study is to investigate current review management of childrens asthma in one primary care trust and to consider the views of children, their parents/carers and the role of the practice nurse in asthma care in one primary care trust (Lyte et al2005).For the purpose of this research Lyte et al(2005) used purposive sampling to gather information. Craig Smyth (2007) suggests there are various methods can be applied to data collection. Lyte et al(2005) used interviews, observations and reviews of available documentation regarding asthma (Artefactual). In using this type of sampling the researchers can be specific on the groups they wanted to target. However they may be an element of bias as the practice nurse selected the parents and children for this research. To strengthen the research the researchers used triangulated methods for data collection. According to Craig Smyth (2007) the theory bottomland triangulation if multiple sources, methods, investigators or theories provide similar findings their creditability is strengthened.The study was approved by the Local Research Ethics Committee and the Universitys Senate Ethics Committee. Throughout the research during the data collection consent was treated as an ongoing process. However there was difficulty in communicating with children. To solve this problem, when meeting with the children the researc hers would go through the informed consent and voluntary participation again. Confidentially of all participants were protected and guaranteed by the Data Protection Act.Children expressed a like to participate and share information in the research (Lyte et al 2005). However some children felt through the research of not being involved. Lyte et al (2005) suggested it is the childs personality that determines how much response the practice nurse receives. It is often give tongue to good confabulation in nursing is crucial and is the foundation of grammatical construction trust and encourages children to seek advice. It is important to communicate with children appropriately to match the stage of development (The Common core out of Skills Knowledge 2010). Ultimately effective communication allows for the exchange of information, needs and preferences of the patient between herself and the patient (The Common Core of Skills Knowledge 2010). However Hobbs (1995) suggests that som e practice nurses may not have the training in regarding complexities of caring for children and their families. One cannot deny that it is important for practitioners to have the appropriate training (Alderson 2000) because children have equal rights to contribute to their care as well as adults (Save the Children 1997).It was noted that children did not have sufficient knowledge about asthma. Furthermore parents and children highlighted that there was insufficient information on asthma in the primary care setting. For children and adults to make informed choices regarding their asthma they require having up to date information to help them in making decisions. as in one practice it was identify that the practice nurse lack confidence in caring for children with asthma and Hobbs (1995) confirms this lack of confidence and points out that practice nurses deal with arrange of illnesses.Parents and children in the study both hold that one area for improvement was the time lag room (Lyte 2005). nigh children may find going to the doctor a very frightening experience. The first expression needs to be reassuring and non-threatening. (Making Your Waiting Room Kid-Friendly 2006). The waiting room should be child friendly and also have books, telly/video for older children. With todays technology many children use electronic computers in the classroom. Some computer programs are touch-screen driven, making them friendly to all levels. Providing a computer in the waiting room may be ideal opportunity to encourage children to show off their technical skills by accessing the computer for health-related information (Making Your Waiting Room Kid-Friendly 2006).It might be concluded from this research the strengths outperform the weaknesses, despite the research being conducted in one primary care trust. The most satisfactory conclusion that can come from this, to facilitate children and parents a comprehensive package of care needs to be put in place in order to ma nage their asthma effectively.ReferencesBurns N, Grove S, (2007). Understand Nursing Research, Building an Evidence-BasedPractice. Fourth EdCraig J V, Smyth R L (eds). (2007). The Evidence-Based Practice Manual for Nurses. China Churchhill Livingstone Elsevier.Leach M J (2006). Evidence -based practice A framework for clinical practice and research design. International Journal of Nursing Practice. 12, pp 248-251Lyte, Milnes, Keating Finke 2007. Review management for children with asthma in primary care a qualitative case study.Journal of Nursing and Healthcare of Chronic Illness in association with Journal of Clinical Nursing 16, 7b, pp123-132Melnyk, Mazurek , Fineout-Overholt, Ellen, Stillwell, Susan, Williamson, (2010). Evidence-Based Practice Step by Step The Seven Steps of Evidence-Based Practice. AJN, American Journal of Nursing January 2010 Volume 110 Issue 1 pp 51-53Mishoe SC, baker RR, Poole S, Harrell LM, Arrant CB Rupp NT (1998). Development of an instrument to asse ss stress levels and quality of life in children with asthma.Journal of Asthma 35, 553-563.Munhal (2001) cited in Burns N, Grove S, (2007). Understand Nursing Research, Building an Evidence-BasedPractice. Fourth EdQuestionnaires a brief introduction online. (2006) Accessed fifteenth March. Available from .Reichenberg K Broberg AG (2000) Quality of life in childhood asthma use of the paediatric Asthma Quality of Life Questionnaire in a Swedish sample of children 7-9 yearsold. Acta Paediatrica 89, 989-995.Roberts P et al(2006). Reliability and Validity in research. Nursing Standard. 20,44, 41-45Rydstrom I, Dalheim-Englund A, Holritz-Rasmussen B, Moller C, Sandman P, (2004). Asthma quality of life for Swedish children. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 14, pp739-749.Sackett et al (1996) pp 5 cited in Pearson A, Field J, Jordan Z (eds). (2007). Evidence-Based Clinical Practice in Nursing and Health Care. Singapore Blackwell Publishing.Williams (2000) cited in Rydstrom I, Dalheim-Englund A, Holritz-Rasmussen B, Moller C, Sandman P, (2004). Asthma quality of life for Swedish children. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 14, pp739-749.Warschburger P (1998) Measuring the quality of life of children and adolescents with asthma The pediatric asthma quality of life questionnaire.Rehabilitation 37, XVII-XXIII.

Thalassemia Disease Hemoglobin

thalassaemia unsoundness haemoglobinthalassaemiaWhat is thalassemia and what does it do? thalassemia is a complaint first discovered by Dr. Thomas B. Cooley in 1925. Its an inherited communicable disorder that causes our bodies to produce fewer healthy red blood cells and haemoglobin. Hemoglobin is a substance in red blood cells that carries oxygen whole by break our bodies. It also carries two handcuffs called alpha globin chains and beta globin chains. Alpha globin chains be make with four genes. Alpha Thalassemia happens when two to four of those genes are missing. It after part cause serious damage. important Globin chains are do with two genes and when one of the genes are also missing or changed, Beta Thalassemia occurs. Red blood cells will not perform in good order when these chains are missing or altered. When red blood cells banking concern perform tasks and work, they die and your body doesnt function correctly, leading to serious consequences.Thalassemia ca n be diagnosed by taking blood tests, special hemoglobin tests,or having a complete blood count, otherwise known as CBC. CBC tests are used to provide information about the enumerate of hemoglobin and the different kinds of blood cells in a sample. Hemoglobin tests are used to measure the types of hemoglobin in a sample. It is usually diagnosed in early childhood due to the fact that signs and symptoms of this disease appear in the first two years of a humans life. Doctors also do tests on the amount of iron in the blood to find out if the Thalassemia occurred because of iron deficiency. Since Thalassemia is an inherited disorder, a simple mien to diagnose it would be to conduct family genetic studies. This helpsby looking at the history of family traits, similarto a pedigree.There are ways to classify if a person has Thalassemia.Symptoms can include slowed growth and delayed puberty in children and teens. Bone problems can make the bones become wider than standard because of ex panding bone marrow, more fragile, and easy to break. These bone problems occur mainly in the face. More signs of Thalassemia can be an enlarged spleen. People with Thalassemia have hard-working spleens. In some cases when a spleen becomes too large, it essential be bringd. The heart and liver might grow bigger as intimately. Some peoples appearance becomes pale and listless. They lose their appetites, have dark urine, and liquefiableate jaundice as a result of Thalassemia. They might also have tired and drowsy. Carriers of Thalassemia often show no signs of the disease.Unfortunately, because Thalassemia is passed on from parents to offspring, it cannot be prevented, however, it can be treated. Treatments for Thalassemia include Blood Transfusions, compact Chelation Therapy, Folic Acid Supplements, Blood and Marrow Stem Cell Transplant, as well as treatments that researchers are still conducting experiments on. When given a blood transfusion, the long-suffering receives new healthy red blood cells and more hemoglobin through a needle being inserted into their vein. Iron Chelation Therapy is needed and used to remove excess iron from the body using two medicines, Deferoxamine and Deferasirox. Deferoxamine is a liquid given under the skin with a pump, and Deferasirox is a pill that is taken daily for patients with Thalassemia.Both may cause side effects such as loss of hearing and vision, headaches, nausea, joint pain, fatigue, vomiting, and diarrhea.Thalassemia does not happen upon a person based on gender, but it is more customary in some nationalities more than in others. For example, Alpha Thalassemia broadly occurs in people of the Southeast Asian, Indian Chinese, or Filipino origin, bit Beta Thalassemia mainly occurs in people of the Mediterranean, Asian, or African origin.Even though it is more common in these nationalities, it does not recollect that others are notat risk. It affects all people.People who live Thalassemia today go through daily treatments including taking folic acid supplements. some(prenominal) people have been cured and blood screening have bring down the amount of infections in blood transfusions. Also new treatments are go available, and making it easier for people with this disease to take them. People who have Thalassemia are recommended to always wash their hands, avoid crowds during cold and flu season, trammel skin around blood transfusion areas very clean, and to contact their doctors if a fever occurs.

History of the Laser

History of the ocular maserINTRODUCTIONThe figure optic maser is an acronym for put down Amplification by the Stimulated Emission of Radiation. blank is really an electromagnetic wave. Each wave has brightness and twist, and vibrates at a certain angle, so-called polarization. This is also true for optical maser take fireheaded simply it is more(prenominal) parallel than any new(prenominal) animated source. E really vocalization of the conduct has (al some) the exact same complaint and the beam will thus diverge rattling little. With a good optical maser an object at a distance of 1 km (0.6 mile) place be heat energyen with a dot about 60 mm (2.3 inches) in radius.As it is so parallel it stern also be foc apply to very small diameters where the concentration of atonicly expertness becomes so great that you fag end cut, drill or turn with the beam. It also licks it possible to illuminate and get word very tiny details. It is this property that is utili se in surgical appliances and in CD p spirit levels.It tummy also be made very monochromic, so that just matchless light wavelength is present. This is not the case with ordinary light sources. White light contains all the colors in the spectrum, simply flat a colored light, such as a red direct (light utterting diode) contains a regular interval of red wavelengths. On the other hand, optical maser emissions atomic number 18 not usually very strong when it comes to power content. A very powerful optical maser of the kind that is employ in a optical maser show does not give off more light than an ordinary streetlight the difference is in how parallel it is.Before the optical maser there was the MaserIn 1954, Charles Townes and Arthur Schawlow invented the maser (microwave elaborateness by stimulated emission of radiation), victimisation ammonia gas and microwave radiation the maser was invented before the (optical) laser. The technology is very close but does not exercising a visible light. The maser was utilise to amplify radio signals and as an ultrasensitive detector for space research.Many various textiles can be utilize as lasers. Some, like the ruby laser, drive short pulses of laser light. Others, like helium-neon gas lasers or liquid soil lasers emit a regular beam of light.laser action optical masers argon possible because of the air light interacts with electrons. Electrons exist at particularised energy aims or states characteristic of that feature atom or molecule. The energy levels can be imagined as rings or orbits around a nucleus. Electrons in outer rings are at grittyer energy levels than those in inside(a) rings. Electrons can be bumped up to juicyer energy levels by the injection of energy-for mannikin, by a scorch of light. When an electron drops from an outer to an inner level, excess energy is given off as light. The wavelength or color of the emitted light is precisely related to to the amount of ene rgy released. Depending on the particular lasing material beingness apply, specific wavelengths of light are absorbed (to wind up or excite the electrons) and specific wavelengths are emitted (when the electrons fall top to their sign level).In a cylinder a fully speculateing mirror is dictated on one end and a partially reflecting mirror on the other. A high-intensity lamp is spiraled around the ruby cylinder to provide a moth-eaten of white light that triggers the laser action. The third estate and blue wavelengths in the inexpensive excite electrons in the atoms to a higher energy level. Upon returning to their prescript state, the electrons emit their characteristic ruby-red light. The mirrors reflect somewhat of this light back end and forth inside the ruby watch crystal, stimulating other excited atomic number 24 atoms to produce more red light, until the light pulse builds up to high power and drains the energy stored in the crystal. High-voltage electricity ca uses the quartz flash tube to emit an intense burst of light, exciting some of the atoms in the ruby crystal to higher energy levels. At a specific energy level, some atoms emit particles of light called photons. At first the photons are emitted in all directions. Photons from one atom stimulate emission of photons from other atoms and the light intensity is rapidly amplified. Mirrors at each end reflect the photons back and forth, continuing this process of stimulated emission and amplification. The photons leave finished the partially silvered mirror at one end. This is laser light.EINSTEINS THEORY OF optical maserAlthough head did not invent the laser his work laid the foundation. It was Einstein who pointed out that stimulated emission of radiation could occur a ample with self-generated emission absorption. He apply his photon mathematics to examine the case of a large collection of atoms full of excess energy and ready to emit a photon at some random time in a random dir ection. If a stray photon passes by, then the atoms are stimulated by its presence to emit their photons early. More remarkably, the emitted photons go in the same direction and have exactly the same frequency as the original photon Later, as the small crowd of identical photons moves through the rest of the atoms, more and more photons will leave their atoms early to join in the subatomic parade. exclusively it took to invent the laser was for someone to find the right kind of atoms and to put up reflecting mirrors to help the stimulated emission along .The acronym optical maser means flicker Amplification by (using Einsteins ideas about) Stimulated Emission of Radiation.Stimulated EmissionA third persona of photon-related electron transitions in an atom is stimulated emission. conceive an electron is in a higher energy level and a photon comes along with an energy equal to the difference between the electrons energy and a tear down energy.Then the photon will stimulate the electron to fall into the lower energy state, thereby emitting a photon.The emitted photon will have the same energy as the original photon, and viewed as waves we will then have cardinal waves appear from the atom in phase with the same frequency. Such waves will constructively interfere, leading to a more intense wave.This is the principle behind the laser, which stands for Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation. In a laser atoms are kept in an excited state by tendernessing the laser, and some photons are inserted. This causes some atoms to brook stimulated emission, and the resulting photons cause other atoms to undergo stimulated emission, leading to a chain reply. The resultant light is very intense and coherent (composed of one frequency), and can be well focused.TYPES OF LASERON THE BASIS OF ENERGY LEVELTwo level In this photon from mata stable state jumps to second level on excitation terzetto level In this photon from mata stable state jumps to third level on excitationFour level In this photon from mata stable state jumps to quarter level on excitationON THE BASIS OF MATERIAL utiliseGas lasersHelium Neon laser It is used in Interferometer, holography, spectroscopy, blank outcode scanning, alignment, optical demonstrations.Argon Laser It is used in Retinal phototherapy (for diabetes), lithography, confocal microscopy,spectroscopy pumping other lasers. krypton Laser This laser is used in Scientific research, mixed with argon to create white-light lasers, light shows.Xenon ion Laser used in scientific research. In this type of laser many lines throughout visible spectrum make pass into the UV and IR.Nitrogen Laser It is used in Pumping of blot lasers, step air pollution, scientific research. Nitrogen lasers can operate superradiantly (without a resonator cavity). Amateur laser construction.Carbon Dioxide laser It is used in fabric processing (cutting, welding, etc.), operating elbow room. It is produced by Transver se (high power) or longitudinal (low power) electrical discharge.Excimer Laser This type of laser is produced by excimer recombination via electrical discharge.It is used in ultraviolet lithography for semiconductor manufacturing, laser surgery, LASIKChemical lasersThese type of lasers are used as directed-energy weapons likeHydrogen Fluoride laser It is formed by Chemical reaction in a burning jet of ethylene and northward trifluoride (NF3) and is used in research for laser weaponry by the U.S. DOD, operated in continuous wave mode, can have power in the megawatt throw.Deuterium fluoride laser It is used in MIRACL, Pulsed goose egg Projectile Tactical High Energy LaserCOIL (Chemical oxygen-iodine laser) It is produced by Chemical reaction in a jet of singlet delta oxygen and iodine and is used in Laser weaponry, scientific and materials research, laser used in the U.S. militarys Airborne laser, operated in continuous wave mode, can have power in the megawatt ikon.DYE LASERThe se type of lasers are used in Research, spectroscopy, birthmark removal, isotope separation. The tuning range of the laser depends on which dye is used.Metal- vapor lasersHelium-cadmium (HeCd) metal-vapor laser They are used in Printing and typesetting applications, fluorescence excitation examination (ie. in U.S. paper currency printing), scientific research.Helium-mercury (HeHg) metal-vapor laser They are used in Rare, scientific research, amateur laser construction.Helium-silver (HeAg) metal-vapor laser, Neon-copper (NeCu) metal-vapor laserThey are used in scientific research.Copper vapor laser It is used in Dermatological uses, high swiftness photography, pump for dye lasers.Gold vapor laser This type of laser is used in Rare, dermatological and photodynamic therapy uses.Solid-state laserRuby laser apply in Holography, tattoo removal. The first type of visible light laser invented May 1960.NdYAG laser used in Material processing, rangefinding, laser target designation, surger y, research, pumping other lasers (combined with frequency doubling to produce a green 532 nm beam). One of the most common high power lasers. commonly pulsed (down to fractions of a nanosecond)ErYAG laser used in Periodontal scaling, dental medicineNeodymium YLF (NdYLF) solid-state laser Mostly used for pulsed pumping of certain types of pulsed Tisapphire lasers, combined with frequency doubling.Neodymium doped Yttrium orthovanadate (NdYVO4) laser Mostly used for continuous pumping of mode- quietened Tisapphire or dye lasers, in combination with frequency doubling. Also used pulsed for marking and micromachining. A frequency doubled ndYVO4 laser is also the normal expression of making a green laser pointer.Neodymium frappe (NdGlass) laser Used in extremely high power (terawatt scale), high energy (megajoules) multiple beam systems for inertial confinement fusion. NdGlass lasers are usually frequency tripled to the third harmonic at 351 nm in laser fusion devices.Cerium doped lit hium strontium(or calcium) aluminum fluoride (CeLiSAF, CeLiCAF) Used in Remote atmospheric sensing, LIDAR, optics research.atomic number 68 doped and erbium-ytterbium codoped glass lasers These are made in rod, plate/chip, and optical fiber form. Erbium doped fibers are commonly used as optical amplifiers for telecommunications. semiconducting material laserSemiconductor laser diode has working wavelength between 0.4-20m, depending on active region and are used in Telecommunications, holography, printing, weapons, machining, welding, pump. There are many different types of semiconductor lasers likeAlGaAs used in visual discs, laser pointers, data communications. 780 nm Compact Disc player laser is the most common laser type in the world. Solid-state laser pumping, machining, medical.InGaAsP used in Telecommunications, solid-state laser pumping, machining, medical.Quantum cascade laser used in Research,Future applications may include collision-avoidance radar, industrial-process control and medical diagnostics such as breath analyzers.Other types of lasersFree electron laser This type of laser is having a broad wavelength range (about 100 nm some(prenominal) mm) one free electron laser may be tunable over a wavelength range and is basically used in atmospheric research, material science, medical applications.Gas dynamic laser used In phalanx applications can operate in CW mode at several megawatts optical power and is produced by Spin state population inversion in carbon dioxide molecules caused by supersonic adiabatic expansion of mixture of nitrogen and carbon dioxide.Nickel-like Samarium laser It has pumping source Lasing in ultra-hot samarium germ plasm formed by double pulse terawatt scale irradiation fluences created by Rutherford Appleton Laboratorys Ndglass Vulcan laser and first demonstration of efficient virginal operation of a sub-10 nm X-ray laser, possible applications in high resolution microscopy and holography, operation is close to the water window at 2.2 to 4.4 nm where utterance of DNA structure and the action of viruses and drugs on cells can be examined.Raman laser, uses inelastic stimulated Raman scattering in a nonlinear media, broadly fiber, for amplification. It finds its applications in Complete 1-2 m wavelength coverage distributed optical signal amplification for telecommunications optical solitons generation and amplificationAPPLICATIONSIndustrial Applications of LaserToday, laser can be found in a broad range of applications deep down industry, where it can be used for such things as pointing and measuring. In the manufacturing industry, laser is used to notice the ball cylindricity in bearings by observing the scattering of a laser beam when reflected on the ball.Laser also works as a spirit level and can be used to prognosticate a flat surface by just sweeping the laser beam along the surface. This is, for instance, used when making walls at building sites. In the mining industry, laser is used to point out the drilling direction.Laser technologies have also been used within environmental areas. One example is the ability to determine from a distance the environmental toxins in a column of smoke. Other examples are being able to predict and handbill the existence of photochemical smog and ozone, both at ground level where it isnt wanted and in the upper layers of the atmosphere where it is needed. Laser is also used to supervise wastewater purification.Laser works as a light source in all fiber optics in use. It has greater bandwidth. It is unsusceptible to interference from external electrical and magnetic fields. Fiber optics is used progressively often in data and telecommunications around the world.MedicineLaser is used in medicine to improve precision work like surgery. point surgery is an example of precision surgery that calls for the surgeon to reach the intend area precisely. To make sure of this, lasers are used both to measure and to point in the area in examination. Birthmarks, warts and discoloring of the skin can easily be removed with an unfocused laser. The operations are quick and restore quickly and, best of all, they are less painful than ordinary surgery performed with a scalpel.RECENT APPLICATIONSDVDA DVD player contains laser that is used not because it produces a parallel beam, but rather because the light emerges from a tiny point, which enables it to be focused on the different layers of the disc. The information, ones and zeros, is stored in several layers, and only one layer is to be read at a time. Every point on a particular layer is read during every revolution of the disc. In golf club to make room for a lot of information on every disc, the beam has to be focused on as small an area as possible. This cannot be done with any other light source than a laser.Laser PointersLasers pointers are made from inexpensive semiconductors laser as together with electron lens produce a parallel beam of light that can be used to make a bright spot to point with. Their range is very large. If one points at a surface 200 meters (220 yards) far in the dark, a person standing close to the object being pointed at will have no trouble seeing the luster spot (of course, someone else has to hold the laser). On the other hand, the one retention the pointer will have difficulty seeing the spot. The eternal question of range has more to do with the lights behavior on its way back to the sender than with the length of the beam.Laser SightsLaser sights for rifles and guns can be base on several different principles. Some send a laser beam parallel to the trajectory so that the point of impact becomes visible. This manner exposes the marksman. Some project a red dot inside a telescopic sight (instead of cross hairs). In both cases, the dot can be produced with a ring around it.Speed Measurement victimisation LaserThe method the police use to measure car speed is found on a laser signal that is sent towards the target. This beam bounces back and is mixed with light that has not hit the car. The result is an quiver the same as when you tune a guitar with higher frequency (more treble) the meteoric the target moves. The speed has to be measured straight from the front or from the back. If it is measured at an angle, the speed is underrated. This means that you cannot get false set that are too high.The measurement is dependent on the car having something that reflects well. The evidence plate is perfect, as are different types of reflecting objects. Fogged surfaces are okay, but reduce the maximum distance.Laser Distance MeterThe primary use of laser distance meters today is surveyors and constructors, Least spectacular is the so-called lay assistance that helps the driver to estimate the distance to the car behind when parking. A more recent application measures the distance to the car in front of the driver when driving on highways or other roads. You simply lock in the distan ce to the car in front of you in gild to maintain that distance. This makes driving more efficient and faster as long as it all works. This kind of laser is found in most robots with mechanical vision.LASER DISCOVERIES1971Gabor (alone) was given the prize, having founded the basic ideas of the holographic method, which is a historied and spectacular application of laser technology. At first just a method of creating 3-D pictures, it has since become a useful tool for the observation of vibrating objects. Much of what we today know about how musical instruments produce their tones is due(p) to the use of holograms.In addition to holograms that can be bought and hung on a wall, simpler holograms can be found on many other things where you strength not expect to find them. Small holograms are present on many credit cards and identity cards in order to make them more difficult to forge.1981Bloembergen and Schawlow received the prize for their contribution to the culture of laser spe ctroscopy. One typical application of this is nonlinear optics which means methods of influencing one light beam with other and permanently joining several laser beams (not just mixing them compare the difference between mixing two substances and making them chemically react with one another).These phenomena mean that a light beam can in principle be steered by another light beam. If in the future someone intends to build an optical electronic computer (that could be much faster and much more efficient in storing data), it would have to be based on a nonlinear optic.When using optical fibers, for example in broadband applications, several of the switches and amplifiers that are used require nonlinear optical effects.1997Chu, Cohen-Tannoudji and Phillips et al. received the prize for their developments of methods to cool and entrap atoms with laser light which is a method for inducing atoms to relinquish their heat energy to laser light and thus reach lower and lower temperatures .When their temperature sinks very close to absolute zero, atoms form aggregates (make clumps) in a way that reveals some of the innermost aspects of nature. And that is the important application of laser cooling, namely to make us understand more of nature. Very soon after the uncovering other scientists started to use the technique to further develop closely related areas.2000Alferov and Kroemer were given the prize for their development within the field of semiconductor physics, where they had examine the type of substances that was first used to build semiconductor lasers, that is, the kind of small lasers that today have become the cheapest, lightest and smallest. The idea is to produce both the light source and energy supply and place the mirrors in one crystal (less than 1 mm facet, with many sequences). This has become not only the groundwork for many cheap and portable appliances, but also the foundation in optical information networks.The CD player, laser writer, laser pointer and the bar code reader the cashier at the supermarket uses, are all based on their discovery.REFRENCESNEWAGE PUBLISHER PVT. LTD.,LASERANDNONLINEAROPTICS,P.B LAUDmacmillan publisher,laser theory and application,k.dhyacagrajan,ak.ghatakuniversities publishers,laser,e.a siegmanhttp//www.nobel.org

irish patato famine Essay -- essays research papers

Ire come to in the 1500s was a very unstable country. The countrys English rulers foughtwith the local anesthetic Irish civilians and the Irish nobles. The Irish nobles also fought among themselves.The English landlords owned the land that the peasants lived and farmed on. As a result of thiscontinual fighting, it was hard for the peasants to grow plentiful food to feed themselves. TheBritish passed laws to deny the Irish peasants freedom. They were forbidden to address theirown language, to practice their own religion, to own a horse expense more than ten dollars, to go toschool, or to hold a normal office.Potatoes were first introduced to Ireland around the 1600s. Some say that Sir Walter Raleigh, an English explorer brought the murphy to Ireland to see if it would survive.Another belief is that the potato came to Ireland when some potatos washed ashore from a Spanish Armada ship that had sunk off the coast of Ireland.The gaberdine potato is thought to have originated in the Andean Mountains. The Spanish discover it in northern Peru and brought it back to Europe. It was first considered poisonousby the Europeans because it was sort out in the same family as the poisonous nightshade.Potatos became popular and somewhat of a fashion statement after Marie Antoinette wore potato blossoms in her hair. Once the royal line learned of the potatos nutritional value they ordered the peasants to take up to grow it.1 A potato, also called a tuber, is an underground stalking that is short, thick, and fleshy. Thepotato was such a good crop because it has nutrients, such as protein, carbohydrate, andvitamin C. It only lacked vitamin A and calcium. If it was combined with milk than it wouldcontain all of the elements involve for a healthy diet. For nutrition in the mid 1800s a personwould have to eat around six and a one-half pounds of potatoes. The potato was also good because when there were wars going on in Ireland, the soldierswould go and burn all of the farme rs crops. Since the potatoes were underground, theywould not be affected by this and could still be dug up afterwards. Irelands mild, cloudy, anddamp climate allows root crops, such as the potato, to thrive and to be grown successfully intheir peaty soil. Many of the p... ...reatened the people of Irelandwith some other famine. The National Land League was formed so that the poor inhabit farmersland could not be taken away, and they could not get thrown into the streets by the greedylandowners. The National Land League organized communities together. unneurotic they hadmore power, they refused to sell goods or provide labor to landlords who were guilty of evictingor running the tenant farmers off their land. In 1881 the parliament passed the Land coiffure of1881 . This act made sure that the tenant farmers paid fair rent, had trade protection from eviction(being thrown out), and had the right to sell his farm lease to other tenant farmer. Thesedramatic changes were more imp ortant to the people in the southmost than the people in northernIreland. The north used to depend wide on farming, but now they started to depend more on commercial-grade businesses. Tenant farming was becoming less and less important. There ar still other famines going on in this world today. Potatoes repelling to potatoblight are being developed through hereditary engineering, and some varieties of potatoes seem to have natural immunities.5

The Aboriginal People of Newfoundland :: American America History

The Aboriginal People of NewfoundlandThe Beothuk people of Newfoundland were not the very introductory inhabitants of the island. Thousands of years before their arrival there existed an ancient race, named the Maritime obsolescent Indians who lived on the shores of Newfoundland. (Red Ochre Indians, Marshall, 4.) Burial plots and polished st unity tools are once in a while discovered near Beothuk remains. Some people speculate that, because of the proximity of the artifacts to the power lands of the Beothuk, the Maritime Archaic Indians and the Beothuk may have been related. It is not certain when the Beothuk arrived on the island. In fact little is actually know about the people, compared to what is kn own about other amerindian civilisations, only artifacts and stories told by elders tell the historians who these people in truth were. Some speculate that they travelled from Labrador to Newfoundland across the strait of Belle Isle, which at one time was only 12 miles wide. By a bout 200 AD the Beothuk Indians were probably well settled into Newfoundland.(Red Ochre, 8)The Beothuk were not alone on Newfoundland wither. The Dorset Eskimos, who came from blanket Dorset regions of the north around 500 BC also shared the island. They presumably had contact with the Beothuk, exchanging tools or engaging in battle. In any look the Dorset Indians died out leaving Newfoundland empty to the control of the Beothuk people who now had no enemies and a wide vast territory. The Beothuk, although part of the Algonkian family developed their own wrangle and culture. The 400 words that are still known from their language prove their Algonkian heritage. The development of their culture was a great conquest. The success of the Beothuk people as a whole was in part because of their skills in fishing, capture and travel. They were the only amerindian group to navigate on the high seas.(Grabowski call on the carpet Oct 4,96.) This was because of the construction of their c anoes. Normally paddling on the high seas is dangerous, but Beothuk canoes were so knowing to with stand high waves and stay accurately on course. The canoes were made of a frame work of spruce and then covered with birch bark.(Red Ochre, 9) They swerve high at the sides and a sharp bottom acted as a keel. The high sides protected as a barrier from wave swamping the boat. Because of hunting expeditions on the Funk islands, 60 kilometres from shore, ocean travel was evident and sea worthiness was essential.

Mystification :: essays research papers

MystificationIn Bergers essay, he uses the term obfuscation. Mystification is bingle way to set out describing the ways in which people perceive what they see. When people look at same moving- belief show or advertisement, they perceive and interpret differently. As John Berger says, we ar ever so looking at the relation between things and ourselves (156). We see things differently from one another and in the beginning we see things, but without language and understanding, we cannot let off what it is we see. The way we see things is predetermined by different factors such as our own experiences and status. Berger provides an example two paintings by Frans Hals. The two paintings are picture of a group of governors and a group of governesses. The paintings imply that how our societyhas accent an upper class at the period. And, high status people comptroller the peoples view. As Berger says, the art of the past is being amaze because a privileged minority is striving to inve nt a memoir which can retrospectively justify the office of the ruling classes, and such a justification can no longer make sense in modern terms (157). The upper class mystifies us to stay in control without being able to see things in our own way, we are being deprived from our right to understanding ourselves and placing ourselves in a role of society. The privileged minority mystifies works of art in order to control peoples view. Berger explains how Hals becomes after he painted the two paintings. harmonise to Berger, he obtained three loads of peat on public liberality, otherwise he would have frozen to death. Those who now sat for him were administrators of such public charity (158).

Organ Trail :: essays research papers

I stick traveled the Oregon Trail some measure in my day. From various mistakes I establish made in the past, I have in condition(p) different procedures to take in secern to baffle bad things from taking place. I have overly learned many techniques that have helped me along my journey. I hope to share these locomote of advice with the new-sprung(prenominal)found travelers of the Oregon Trail. If these steps are followed, the ride is assured to be overmuch safer. Important Steps To Take1) Do bring pile of money. thither pull up stakes be many different stops along the federal agency where you eject hand. It give be valuable to outsmart new tools and belongings on your way to help you. You can too trade for food. You whitethorn run out of food on your trip so it will be necessary to have money as a expression plane. 2) Do bring a riffle. It will be important to have a riffle for protection. There will be many monstrous obstacles along your way. You may have I ndians or other manpower who carry in your way or wish to fight. You may also have animals such as buffalo that you can hunt and buzz off ample use out of. A riffle will emphatically fuck off in handy in your travels.3) Do bring a great deal of water. pissing will help you to stay healthy along your way. You can good get dehydrated on a trip wish this. wet is queer off then any drink because it helps you to maintain your frame the best. piddle will nourish all of the people on your water ouzel and halt them in good conditions.4) Do bring basic medicines. It is well-fixed for your colleague members to get ill on this long and harsh journey. You will brass section deadly weather conditions and many diseases along your way. While travel in that respect will be no close destinations to stop and call up the cronk at. Nor will you have time to take breaks in put together for the pat to get well. The medicine will help them get better as you continue to travel.5) Do bring basic tools. You will go through various things where tools will be extremely useful. You may get stuck in the mud after a downfall near The gigantic Basin. You will need tools to help you work the wagon out of the mud. You may also need to fix parts of the wagon in aspect pieces break through the rough journey.Organ Trail essays research paper I have traveled the Oregon Trail many times in my day. From various mistakes I have made in the past, I have learned different procedures to take in order to prevent bad things from taking place. I have also learned many techniques that have helped me along my journey. I hope to share these steps of advice with the new travelers of the Oregon Trail. If these steps are followed, the ride is assured to be much safer. Important Steps To Take1) Do bring plenty of money. There will be many different stops along the way where you can trade. It will be important to get new tools and belongings on your way to help you. You can also tr ade for food. You may run out of food on your trip so it will be necessary to have money as a side plane. 2) Do bring a riffle. It will be important to have a riffle for protection. There will be many dangerous obstacles along your way. You may have Indians or other men who stand in your way or wish to fight. You may also have animals such as buffalo that you can hunt and make great use out of. A riffle will definitely come in handy in your travels.3) Do bring lots of water. Water will help you to stay healthy along your way. You can easily get dehydrated on a trip like this. Water is better then any drink because it helps you to maintain your body the best. Water will nourish all of the people on your wagon and keep them in good conditions.4) Do bring basic medicines. It is easy for your fellow members to get ill on this long and harsh journey. You will face deadly weather conditions and many diseases along your way. While traveling there will be no close destinations to stop and r ecover the sick at. Nor will you have time to take breaks in order for the sick to get well. The medicine will help them get better as you continue to travel.5) Do bring basic tools. You will go through various things where tools will be extremely useful. You may get stuck in the mud after a downfall near The Great Basin. You will need tools to help you work the wagon out of the mud. You may also need to fix parts of the wagon in case pieces break through the rough journey.

Comparison Between The Sons Vito and Kiss Miss Carol Essay example --

Comparison Between The Sons Vito and Kiss get by Carol The differences in both stories ar style and language, settings and culture against the societal class. The similarities in both stories are feeling that you dont belong to a current place or area, feeling isolated and trapped, and being unable to do anything because of someone who has more power and are controlling you. Other similarities are the love for their birthplace, education, making important decisions, possible sad endings and conflicts betwixt the conjure up and child. In Kiss Miss Carol we feel sorry for Jolil and maybe Mr.Miah, and in The Sons Veto with Sophy and possibly Sam. In The Sons Veto the problem between Sophy (the mother) and Randolph (the son) is a class issue because Sophy worked for Randolphs yield who was an upper class than Sophy. When Mr.Twycott. Sophys husband had sent Randolph to a creditable buck private school and then to Oxford University, Randolph had a bene ficial and extensive education, unlike his mothers term of class. Sophy desired to marry Sam whose background was similar to Sophys Randolph completely disapproved of this, up to now though Sophy kept asking for numerous years. Randolph responds very selfishly. The problem in Kiss Miss Carol is the difference between Jolil and Mr.Miah. Jolil wants to play a mapping and joint in the school play. Mr.Miah Jolils father is entirely against his son taking part in the play. He believes you should go to school to study and not to play. Mr.Miah states, Plays wholly the time, no good In The Sons Veto the author requires us to sense kindness for Sophy for the reason that she was ... ...as The Sons Veto for the reason that it consisted of a cataclysmic finale and the language was commendable, funny and diverse. The style was finally accustomed to the story due to the commiseration and melancholy that the author projects towards Sophy. The extensive po rtrayal provides a clich and comprehensible acquaintance and facsimile of the dilemmas in the story. It also has an immense consequence on the lector, because it primarily makes the reader recognize the condition and the obstacles in the story. In this present generation nation would have selected Sam over their son if they were in Sophys situation. Sophy was trapped between Sam and her son and she chose her son, which displays how things were in the past. People remained solidly to their priorities rather than being indulged in anything.

Free Othello Essays: Women as Victims in Othello :: GCSE Coursework Shakespeare Othello

Women as Victims in Othello Othello is a play that only contains triad female characters. Their references vary and it would be an exaggeration to categorize them all as victims. However, there are similarities between the triad women. 1 The least involved charwoman in Othello is Bianca2. Her relationship with Cassio does not appear to be full of commitment. What salve a week a vogue? Seven days and nights? It could be argued that Cassio utilise Bianca somewhat.3 The manner in which he asks for a favor creates an impression that he is experienced at sweet-talking her. Sweet Bianca, take me this work out The route that Cassio initially addresses Bianca is rather sycophantic, especially as the task is so menial. Therefore, the component of Bianca and her relationship with Cassio is poor. It appears that he uses her and shows little affection, only when he wants something.4 genus genus Emilias role is much than complex in Othello. Iago give cares to dominate Emilia and i n many view uses her quite badly. However, she also proves that she can be strong and show control.5 center(prenominal) through Act 3 Scene 3 Emilia and Iago wee-wee their first moment alone together. Iago doesnt use any romantic lay for his wife. now now what do you here alone? This lack of affection, clean to the point attitude continues throughout their conversation. A trustworthy wench, give it to me. passim their conversation Iagos attitude towards Emilia has no respect. He doesnt talk to her manage a husband but more like an employer. Emilia whitethorn be typecast as a victim early in the play but she shows real strength at the closing stages of the play. condescension the dominance that Iago has over her she manages to undermine his position and bring about his eventual(prenominal)(prenominal) downfall. Her strength can be clearly seen in her lines She give it Cassio No alas, I found it and I did givet my husband. Her strength and determination to punish Iago lead s to her destruction though in this respect she may be seen as a victim. In her only moment of strength she was struck down. Iagos language towards Emilia gives an impression that she may be a victim. Villainous whore and honorable wench He rarely complements her. Desdemona enjoys a much more harming relationship with her husband. Othello even says he is dependant on her.Free Othello Essays Women as Victims in Othello GCSE Coursework Shakespeare OthelloWomen as Victims in Othello Othello is a play that only contains three female characters. Their roles vary and it would be an exaggeration to categorize them all as victims. However, there are similarities between the three women. 1 The least involved woman in Othello is Bianca2. Her relationship with Cassio does not appear to be full of commitment. What proceed a week away? Seven days and nights? It could be argued that Cassio apply Bianca somewhat.3 The manner in which he asks for a favor creates an impression that he is experienced at sweet-talking her. Sweet Bianca, take me this work out The way that Cassio initially addresses Bianca is rather sycophantic, especially as the task is so menial. Therefore, the role of Bianca and her relationship with Cassio is poor. It appears that he uses her and shows little affection, only when he wants something.4 Emilias role is more complex in Othello. Iago likes to dominate Emilia and in many reckon uses her quite badly. However, she also proves that she can be strong and show control.5 central through Act 3 Scene 3 Emilia and Iago cast off their first moment alone together. Iago doesnt use any romantic desktop for his wife. now now what do you here alone? This lack of affection, honest to the point attitude continues throughout their conversation. A good wench, give it to me. passim their conversation Iagos attitude towards Emilia has no respect. He doesnt talk to her like a husband but more like an employer. Emilia may be typecast as a victim earl y in the play but she shows real strength at the closing stages of the play. condescension the dominance that Iago has over her she manages to undermine his position and bring about his eventual downfall. Her strength can be clearly seen in her lines She give it Cassio No alas, I found it and I did givet my husband. Her strength and determination to punish Iago leads to her decease though in this respect she may be seen as a victim. In her only moment of strength she was struck down. Iagos language towards Emilia gives an impression that she may be a victim. Villainous whore and good wench He rarely complements her. Desdemona enjoys a much more good-natured relationship with her husband. Othello even says he is dependant on her.

Nazi Germany(1919-1938) :: Papers

Nazi Germany(1919-1938) abridgment IMAGEThe rise of Nazi Germany was the capstone of the inter-war period, and led to the outbreak of manhood contend II, shattering the tenuous peace. The Nazi regimes progress was paralleled by the life of its leader, Adolf Hitler. natural in a minute town in Austria, Hitler dreamed of existence an artificeist. Unable to demonstrate sufficient artistic skill for entrance into the art academy in Vienna, he did odd jobs and developed an interest in politics. In 1914, Hitler joined the German army, and earned the iron cross for valor as a message-carrier. He was immensely disturbed by the German defeat in World War I, and blamed the loss on the socialists and Jews, who he said had surrendered the nation. IMAGEIn 1920, Hitler seized control in the German Workers Party, changing its gain to the National Socialist German Workers Party, called the Nazi Party for short. On November 9, 1923, Hitler and World War I her o General Ludendorf attempted a small revolution known as the Beer Hall Putsch. Hitler had jumped onto a beer hall hedge and proclaimed the current Weimar government overthrown. He and Ludendorf led their embodyers into the street, and were promptly arrested. Hitler dog-tired two years in prison, where he wrote Mein Kampf (My Struggle), which outlined his future policies, touch on on the theory of Aryan superiority and Jewish inferiority. IMAGEReleased in 1925, Hitler honed his rhetorical skills and worked for the advancement of the Nazi party. Such advancement was slow in advent through the years 1925 to 1929, a fairly stable period in Europe. However, as the world became mired in depression and unemployment rose, so did support for the Nazi Party, which promised employment and a return to glory for the nation. In 1932 the Nazis win 37.3 percent of the popular vote and occupied 230 seats in the German Reichstag. There was little stability in the G erman government at this time, and seeking a solution to this instability, President Paul von Hindenburg appointed Hitler premier on January 30, 1933.

Waterlogging of Soil :: Environmental, Informative,

What is it?Water record is the lower in come productivity by the approach in ground urine close to the primer coat surface, and as well as where the pee table rises to a higher place the surface. The raised water table results in the soils becoming waterlogged and send out spaces in the soil are make full with water, and plant roots, in effect, give-up the ghost from the lack of oxygen, limiting plant ontogeny in those areas.Where does it occur?Water enter occurs where naughtiness irrigation methods are used and in badly drained soils where water cant pass through deeply. For example, there may be an imperviable clay layer on a lower floor the soil. It also occurs on areas that are naughtily drained topographically. Worldwide, about 10% of all irrigated land suffers from water logging. shortly Victoria has 1.8 million ha affected by waterlogging. Waterlogging occurs mostly on flat floodplain areas or gently sloping landforms with high pelting and red duplex or heav y clay soils. What causes it?Water logging is caused by excessive irrigation on poorly drained soils, i.e. water enters the soil faster than it drains away. It occurs even worse where there is compaction of subsoil layers where water quickly enters the topsoil still is then blocked by a water-resistant clay layer, which may occur naturally or may be induced through excessive use of agricultural machinery. Irrigation water and/or seepage from canals last raise the water table in the ground.What are the impacts?Water logging causesDamage to the soil structure.Suffocation of coiffure roots.Fall of productivity by about 20% in those areas affected.Waterlogging of Soil Environmental, Informative, What is it?Waterlogging is the lower in land productivity through the rise in groundwater close to the soil surface, and also where the water table rises above the surface. The raised water table results in the soils becoming waterlogged and air spaces in the soil are filled with water, a nd plant roots, in effect, suffocate from the lack of oxygen, limiting plant growth in those areas.Where does it occur?Waterlogging occurs where bad irrigation methods are used and in poorly drained soils where water cant penetrate deeply. For example, there may be an impermeable clay layer below the soil. It also occurs on areas that are poorly drained topographically. Worldwide, about 10% of all irrigated land suffers from water logging. Currently Victoria has 1.8 million ha affected by waterlogging. Waterlogging occurs mostly on flat floodplain areas or gently sloping landforms with high rainfall and red duplex or heavy clay soils. What causes it?Water logging is caused by excessive irrigation on poorly drained soils, i.e. water enters the soil faster than it drains away. It occurs even worse where there is compaction of subsoil layers where water quickly enters the topsoil but is then blocked by a water-resistant clay layer, which may occur naturally or may be induced through ex cessive use of agricultural machinery. Irrigation water and/or seepage from canals eventually raise the water table in the ground.What are the impacts?Water logging causesDamage to the soil structure.Suffocation of Plant roots.Fall of productivity by about 20% in those areas affected.

Response to The Fish By Elizabeth Bishop Essay -- Poetry Poem Fish Eli

Response to The Fish By Elizabeth BishopI chose to respond to Elizabeth Bishops The Fish because the rime seems so simple, yet there is much to gather from reading it. This is a narrative poem told in the number one person about a woman who catches a fish on a rented boat and, by and by staring at him for a while, decides to throw him back. The narrator of this poem goes through a series of stages in which she is at first detached from the fish, consequently intrigued by him, and then finally sympathetic towards him. In the very first lines of Bishops poem, the narrator catches the fish and treats him as such. I caught a tremendous fish / and held him beside the boat / half out of water, with my hook / fast in a corner of his mouth (Bishop 665). She has just caught a fish and is in the affect of bringing him onto the boat. She seems very disconnected from this fish, who is just the target of a sport--fishing. When she gets the endangerment to take a good look at him, it seems that her view changes from insularism to curiosity and admiration.She notices that the fish doesnt struggl...

Comparing the Native Characters in Colonial Literature to the European

When European compound authors introduced us to the native Australian, they created the native the native spirit became more real to European readers than the true(a) inhabitants of the unexampled hu human race cosmos. The natives overwhelming separate(a)ness eclipsed any individuality that might affirm been found among them. The native was childish, unable(predicate) of reason, and savagely unchristian, or as gentle Cromer described him, a macrocosm which generally acts, speaks and thinks in a mode that is exactly opposite to the European (qtd. in Said 39). The European world was first given Robinson Crusoes Friday as a native or, more accurately, the native. Friday could tardily (and accurately in the Europeans mind) be substituted for any non-European. Friday, and the native that he represented, continues to be in post-colonial literature. Part of him, his otherness, is denotative in the new European character. some other component of him, his nativeness, contin ues to be denotative in the new native.The legacy of the other did not die with colonialism. It continues to be a presence in post-colonial literature, and now the other has snow-clad scrape. Winterbottom/Clarke/Meers/Pilkings is just one character the other, the European, the uninfected man. Post-colonial literatures example white man is a reincarnation of Friday his traits may be slightly different, but he remains the same in that he is overwhelmingly opposite from the grave individuals found in the literature. Just as the native and the concept of the native was invented by the Europeans, the European has been invented by the new generation of post-colonial authors. In pointer of God, Chinua Achebe creates Captain T. K. Winterbottom and Tony Clarke, white officers portrayed as mere unemotional bureaucratic cogs in the co... ...n. The Europeans once prized light skin has become a support of illness and he has adopted a stereotypical insensitivity that prevents him from be ing human. Colonial literatures other, the native, did not end with colonialism. Instead, part of him became the new other, the post-colonial European, while the other part of him remained the native and became the new self. The colonial native is the root of post-colonial characters and, as such, continues to be an integral part of post-colonial literature. workings CitedAchebe, Chinua. Arrow of God. New York backbone Books, 1969.Defoe, Daniel. Robinson Crusoe. London Penguin Books, 1985.Emecheta, Buchi. The Joys of Motherhood. Oxford Heinemann Educational Publishers, 1994.Said, Edward. Orientalism. New York vintage Books, 1979.Soyinka, Wole. Death and the Kings Horseman. New York Norton, 2003. Comparing the Native Characters in Colonial lit to the European When European colonial authors introduced us to the native, they created the native the native character became more real to European readers than the actual inhabitants of the new world. The natives overwhelmi ng otherness eclipsed any individuality that might have been found among them. The native was childish, incapable of reason, and savagely unchristian, or as Lord Cromer described him, a being which generally acts, speaks and thinks in a manner that is exactly opposite to the European (qtd. in Said 39). The European world was first given Robinson Crusoes Friday as a native or, more accurately, the native. Friday could easily (and accurately in the Europeans mind) be substituted for any non-European. Friday, and the native that he represented, continues to exist in post-colonial literature. Part of him, his otherness, is expressed in the new European character. Another part of him, his nativeness, continues to be expressed in the new native.The legacy of the other did not die with colonialism. It continues to be a presence in post-colonial literature, only now the other has white skin. Winterbottom/Clarke/Meers/Pilkings is just one character the other, the European, the white man. Pos t-colonial literatures example white man is a reincarnation of Friday his traits may be slightly different, but he remains the same in that he is overwhelmingly opposite from the important individuals found in the literature. Just as the native and the concept of the native was invented by the Europeans, the European has been invented by the new generation of post-colonial authors. In Arrow of God, Chinua Achebe creates Captain T. K. Winterbottom and Tony Clarke, white officers portrayed as mere unemotional bureaucratic cogs in the co... ...n. The Europeans once prized light skin has become a sign of illness and he has adopted a stereotypical insensitivity that prevents him from being human. Colonial literatures other, the native, did not end with colonialism. Instead, part of him became the new other, the post-colonial European, while the other part of him remained the native and became the new self. The colonial native is the root of post-colonial characters and, as such, continu es to be an integral part of post-colonial literature. Works CitedAchebe, Chinua. Arrow of God. New York Anchor Books, 1969.Defoe, Daniel. Robinson Crusoe. London Penguin Books, 1985.Emecheta, Buchi. The Joys of Motherhood. Oxford Heinemann Educational Publishers, 1994.Said, Edward. Orientalism. New York Vintage Books, 1979.Soyinka, Wole. Death and the Kings Horseman. New York Norton, 2003.