The Renaissance :: European Europe History

The RenaissanceIn the 1400s, the feudal formation became weak and national governments became stronger. People put more emphasis on humanism than on the church. This catamenia was called the Renaissance. I believe that this period led directly to the Age of Exploration. During this time, technology became more advanced. Martin Luther started the Reformation against the Catholic church. As the effect of the Reformation, a middle kin emerged making it practical for people to travel more.During the Renaissance, technology became more advanced and more available to the common public. The printing press was invented during this time. This invention made it possible for books to be published, not hand written. Ideas of the Renaissance were spread in some of these books and common people could own a copy of the bible. Some other inventions were the astrolabe, the quadrant, and the compass. These devices were utilize in sailing. The astrolabe and the quadrant told a person where they we re at a direct point and the compass told which direction was north. Two faster, larger ships were as well as invented during this time. They were called the carrack and the caravel. The weakening of the Roman Catholic Church, brought about by the Protestant Reformation, changed the way people felt about the church and its importance in their life. Then, because the church was not so dominating, people felt free to learn about new lands. People started learning about Rome and Greece. They learned about these two countries culture and art. This also helped the Age of Exploration to begin because the Catholic church wanted more souls. They thought they could go to America and convert Native Americans. As trade grew, a wealthy middle class of doctors, bankers and lawyers emerged. These people had more money so they became more educated and more self-sufficient. They didnt have to rely on the feudal system anymore and national government became more powerful. With more money, the midd le class could fund trips across the ocean. They could also buy books, paintings and other classical things.

Special Education Needs Policy Essay -- Education, inclusion

IntroductionEarly years providers regardless of type, size or mount must comply with the legal requirements set out within the Early Years Foundation Stage ( EYFS) so as to meet the needs of all(prenominal) children within the setting (DCSF 2008a, p11). The objective of this report is to critically evaluate the Special Educational postulate Policy used in a setting which countenance anti discriminatory practice and promote inclusion (appendix 2). Within the context of a faith based early years setting in Dewsbury. The Warnock constitution (Special Educational Needs1978) introduced the concept of inclusion in the form of integration with regard to children with special educational needs, suggesting that mainstream settings would be preferable to Special Schools. Gates and Edwards (2007) outline, prior to this report, the term Handicapped or Educationally subnormal were acceptable terms, based on an apparent culture of a medical model, where the handicapped person is the problem, governed by their disability. An good example might be a child labelled with Down s syndrome as their identifying features, instead of their name (Courtman 2010). As legislation has continued to develop, so fetch attitudes towards disability. The Disability Discrimination Act 2005, set out duties for employers and many public services. Further changes arose from the Educational Needs and Disability Act 2001. It became unlawful to discriminate against disabled children, and by 2004, ...reasonable adjustments... were expected to improve access within the physical environment, for disabled people. The introduction of the Children Act 2004 saw the introduction of the Every Child Matters (ECM) (DCFS 2008d). In humanitarian the publication Removing Barriers to Achievement ... ... re-evaluate and challenge anti discriminatory practice at a cultural level however the changing of others attitudes can be heavy but not impossible. Article 23 of the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC) (UNICEF 2007, online) recognise the disability of a child should not reduce the childs right to education and children with any kind of disability has the right to special care and support. Equality of opportunity means that each individual in clubhouse experiences opportunities to achieve and flourish which are as good as the opportunities experienced by others (Griffin 2008, p.12).TTRB (2009) Models of Disability and Special Educational Needs. Online. Availablehttp//sen.ttrb.ac.uk/ViewArticle2.aspx?Keyword=Special+Educational+Needs&SearchOption=Phrase&SearchType=Keyword&RefineExpand=1&ContentId=15708 27/12/2010

Tupac :: essays research papers

Tupac Shakur was one of the most influential music artist of the 20th Century. Murda, Murda, Murda, and Kill, Kill, Kill these are they lyrics to one of the songs written by Tupac Shakur. Amidst all the controversy adjoin his personal life, this artist has managed to overcome all obstacles and spread his hope/hate message to a surprisingly receptive audience. Tupacs music is borrowed from the calls of early swath and hip-hop yet its appeal rested in Tupac himself. His persona of Thug Poet opened up a portal into the new genre of Gangsta Rap. This new style of music revolutionized the music industry and allowed several new artists to break through in Tupacs creation, Gangsta Rap, such as G-unit, Eminem, and many others.Tupac Amaru Shakur was born on June 16, 1971 in New York City to Afeni Shakur, a Black Panther member since 1968. She gave birth to him 2 months after she was released from Womens House of Detentions in Grenwich Village. She was charged with conspiracy to flunk sev eral New York public locations and just had her bail revoked. In court she represented herself and won against the state of New York in a surprising tear out. In Incan dialect, his name Tupac Amaru means shining serpent and Shakur is Arabic for thankful to God. For most of his childhood his crack addicted mother shuffled Tupac between the ghettos of Harlem and the Bronx. unripened Tupac began his performance career with the 127th Street Ensemble and whence enrolled Baltimore School for the Arts where he was educated in ballet and acting. Tupac was forced to drop out of the trail because he had to move to California with his mother, where his criminal career began. He left his house at the age of 17 because of the continuous fights with his mother he then began selling/doing drugs, and was homeless for about 2 years. His life was spiraling down wards at a rapid rate. Till one day he got his fully grown break. Tupac always dreamt about being famous someday, now his dream was beco ming a reality. He struck a recording deal with Interscope records. He was on his way to super stardom, but as we all know with fame comes problems. He was involved in the shooting of two off duty police officers, although the chargers were later dropped. He was also convicted of rape, and sentenced to 5 years in Clinton Correctional Facilities.

In Search of Excellence: Critique :: essays research papers fc

Peters & international ampere Waterman write of marketing but never refer to the marketing concept. However, is the philosophy of the marketing concept crucial to the theme of the book? Or, is the marketing concept compromised by the authors interest in a carrefour orientation.The marketing concepts ultimate goal in essence is to satisfy an organisations clientele, while at the same time enabling the company to survive and prosper. It stresses consumer-orientation in all(a) facets of a companys operation. It also emphasises adoption of a cross-functional perspective so that everyone within the organisation can have some impact on the organisations success in both the profitability and at the consumer level. (Zikmund / DAmico 2002)Peters and Watermans In Search of duty lessons from Americas Best Run Companies does adhere to the marketing concept albeit not directly. They strongly support the caprice that an organisation is only as good as the people who work within that organisati on. Although there is some emphasis on sales and product orientation, ofttimes of this stems from the organisation wanting to provide the highest quality product or service for the consumer. Peters & Waterman see excellent companies along the lines of "a sound head word in a healthy body". They acknowledge the need for profit, but see it as secondary to consumer orientation. As expounded by one executive Peters & Waterman spoke to, "Profit is like health. You need it, and the more the better. But its not why you exist." (Peters & Waterman 1982)The marketing concept is personified in Peters and Watermans spokesperson of Joe Girard who consistently sells twice as many cars in a year than his nearest competitor. His success is put down to the fact that he makes the guest tonus that the relationship is not over once the sale has been made. Joe sends Christmas cards, Easter cards and friendly letters, reminding the customer that he cares for them, not only f or their money. Whether this is true or not, Joe leaves the customer feeling as if they have made the right choice. And this is, in turn is good for Joe Girards long term prosperity. (Peters & Waterman 1982)In Search of Excellence Lessons from Americas Best-Run Companies never mentions The Marking Concept, but the underlying principles are still seen in the qualities exhibited by the excellent companies. Fritos-Lays dedication to their customers goes above and beyond expectation. Hewlett Packard encourages employees to tinker with other employees designs and Disneys Cross Utilisation week where executives don character costumes or man food stands or rides both gild a cross-functional policy.

Essay --

Furniture program is particularly dependent on trends. During a period of time, the architectural plan or general appearances of furniture design changes over the course of history which was influenced by architectural style. Therefore, there are many different types of furniture design uncommitted in the market nowadays including wall kitchen cabinets. Most wall cabinets are simply for storage but nowadays, people require durable, sturdy, long lasting to that degree affordable furniture with improved functionality.At present, in order to have the above mentioned qualities dictated by changing customer demand it is necessary to bourgeon new types of furniture with improved functionality. The desire in furniture style to create new designs or different appearances led to the development of new manufacturing methods and materials used. The design and material of furniture have to meet the customer and manufacturer requirements (Petutschingg & Ebner, 2005).Kitchen cabinet is among the most important items for a home. Cabinets are available in many varieties of styles and design and are mainly used for storage...

Essay --

Furniture design is particularly dependent on trends. During a period of time, the design or general appearances of furniture design changes over the unravel of history which was influenced by architectural style. Therefore, there are many different types of furniture design available in the market nowadays including wall kitchen cabinets. some wall cabinets are simply for storage but nowadays, people require durable, sturdy, long lasting yet affordable furniture with improved functionality.At present, in order to have the above mentioned qualities dictated by changing customer demand it is necessary to develop new types of furniture with improved functionality. The desire in furniture style to create new designs or different appearances led to the development of new manufacturing methods and materials used. The design and material of furniture have to meet the customer and manufacturer requirements (Petutschingg & Ebner, 2005).Kitchen cabinet is among the most important items for a home. Cabinets are available in many varieties of styles and design and are mainly used for storage...

GFP Bunny Essay

Oswald Chambers once said that, We are in danger of forgetting that we can non do what God does, and that God will not do what we can do (http//home. att. net/quotesabout/ perfection. html). In a society which is constantly making progress, human universes do not understand the repercussions of new scientific discoveries and ofttimes cross the delicate line of being human and playing God. Science gives us security as it is considered to be the cure to all evil.What eludes us is that in the act of eradicating this evil, we inadvertently bring into being a newer, more powerful evil. skipper Frankenstein, the focal character in Mary Shellys fiction Frankenstein and Aylmer, the antagonistic character in Nathaniel Hawthornes short story The Birth loot both become so devoted in their pursuits of creation, that they forget their human limitations stop up with chaos and destruction.In the story, The Birthmark, Aylmer tells his newly wed wife that he is shocked by the birthmark on her fa ce, as it is the visible mark of earthly imperfection (Hawthorne 1131). His thoughts and words hurt his wife greatly, which drives her to a point where she would rather die than live on another day with the hideous birthmark on her face. As Georgiana imparts on to her husband, her wish to get the birthmark removed once and for all, Aylmer is fueled to succeed at all costs.He rents out an immense apartment where he observes Georgina and delves in a variety of natural philosophies so that he can remove her birthmark once and for all. Aylmer is so engrossed in playing God to remove a human imperfection so his wife can get rid of her mortal nature that he does not realize that he lacks the powers to make things around him flawless. It is this obsession, which eventually eradicates the birthmark. But along with the birthmark, a fair Georgiana becomes a martyr for her husbands cause.Similarly Victor Frankenstein, the character created by Mary Shelly, wishes to indulge in the secrets of h eaven and earth (Shelley 45) however, despite having the intentions to banish disease from the human frame (Shelley 47), he is completely reckless in accepting responsibilities for his creation. After his mothers death, Frankenstein becomes a victim of fate. It is fate coupled with his eternal thirst for knowledge that leads to the monsters creation. An ambitious Frankenstein eventually goes against fetch Nature by creating the monster.Frankenstein and Aylmers actions of creating life and beauty respectively parallel the nature of recent cloning efforts by the Clonaid Corporation. According to The Economist On celestial latitude 27th Clonaid, a firm associated with the Raelians, a religious sect, announced that it had succeeded in producing the worlds first human clonean allegedly healthy bollix girl called Eve, born to an unnamed American woman at an undisclosed location (61-62). Cloning has been going on for years and numerous animals collapse been cloned.Critics, skeptics and supporters have paid minimal attention to this sensitive subject because it has never affected our lives in a direct way. But as our own species are being cloned, we cant help but to stop and think about the implications of cloning. In sciences great pursuit to take over gods duties, one wonders whether creating clones is ethical and moral, not only to the clone that may suffer serious deformities but to the society it will be unleashed upon. Science is onerous to create a life which they cannot govern later on as natures will eventually take over. Paranoid.Human Beings have invariably been inclined towards art and beauty. It is in our nature to lay emphasis on beauty and creation. It is something that mesmerizes us and wheels us into great depths. Art that is created naturally can be exquisite at times, but when our obsession with superficiality drives us to inject science into this artistic force, we are looking at a grotesque and unethical piece of creation. Aylmer was so fixa ted on his wifes beauty that he byword the birthmark as a sign of her mortal nature. He saw the birthmark as a symbol of imperfection, sorrow, decay and death all things ugly.He is eager to remove the birthmark and tells Georgiana, his humble wife that he is convince of the perfect practicability of its removal (Hawthorne 1132). Aylmer with his previous experiences at taming nature sees no reason why he should not further beautify his to the highest degree perfect wife upon whom nature has placed its ugly stamp. Frankensteins creation The monster has also been judged at a superficial level from the very beginning. chase the birth of his creation, he instantly gives the monster a feeling of being on the outside of society.Victor responds to his creation by saying, I beheld the wretchthe moving monster whom I had created (Shelley 61). It is his initial rejection which leads the monster to plead with Frankenstein You, my creator, abhor me what hope can I gather from your fellow- w olfs, who owe me nothing? they spurn and hate me (Shelley 94). The creature struggles with the thought of being unwanted because of his grotesque looks. The monster was a benevolent creature, but as he was shunned by people for his external appearance, he turn miserable and vengeful.

Religious beliefs Essay

Humans have been, for ages, found themselves being challenged to do what is just and business. However, this idealism is often created out of confirming with ones bon ton. Each society has its own culture, principles, traditions, politics and religious beliefs. Ones act of good deed whitethorn be considered the opposite in the eyeball of a person foreign to his culture. Confirming with the societys norm had been considered a conflict to a persons decision-making. One person may want to speak out his mind on such controversial issue alone kept mum to avoid being antagonized by his peers.The unrestricted media and press became the gladiators arena between freedom of expression versus tact according to society. Raising ones voice that opposed the societys manpowertality is often discouraged due to gaining nothing but states ire. But not saying anything at all is excessively considered as moral cowardice- it produced same negative results as those of irresponsible communication. T his essay would like to persuade its readers or listeners that voicing unpopular ideas can make a difference in the world. To quote as famous statement from the past, The right way is not always the popular and easy way.Standing for right when is unpopular is a true test of moral character( One historical example of positive results from expressing ones voice is found in Japan. Japanese politics had been exclusive only to men for centuries until around 1920s. The 1920s had been the era of revolutionary reforms that greatly overshadowed the older conservative laws under the Japanese government. With reforms being entertained to be made on the Japanese constitution, two of the most highlighted changes are the womens suffrage and political inclusion.One notable woman who campaigned for the womens rights is Kato Shidzue. She is the showtime woman to be elected in the Diet and resplendently assisted Margaret Sanger, a fellow feminist, in promoting birth control to Japan. It was a perio d where in a transition is still undergoing, from conservative up transport to a much more liberal lifestyle. Being a feminist brought Shidzue anger from most men specifically the Japanese military. This resulted of her being arrested on 1937 for opposing to the ruling of producing as many children as possible.Yet, her perseverance of expressing her principles and fighting for equality served as one of the excogitation blocks of just treatment of both genders (Hopper, 2004). Another example would be Martin Luther index Jr. , the famous civil rights activist who campaign to end the racial separationism and discrimination. Despite the strong dominance of the white supremacists around that time, King took action through organized and peaceful means. He was a firm believer that frenzy was not the answer to the problem and knew that with this tactic it would garner the publics attention more compared to the former.On that fateful day on the year 1963, his quarrel entitled I Have a D ream was the most pivotal moment during the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom. With genius use of rhetoric along with fiery passion, King called for his country to acknowledge racial equality and to end discrimination of color. His life was threatened several times due to his message of bringing equality for the black people. To this day, no single American had forgotten the I Have A Dream speech of this brave believer of what is right and just for all people (Kirk et al, 2007).History repeats itself as someone quoted from the past. To this day, this saying still rings true. Moral cowardice does have repercussions if people remain unresisting in a long period of time. It takes a lot of courage to stand up for ones belief so it is reasonable if not all would be eager to clash with societys norms. The consequences of this inaction would usually end up regrettable and horrifying. The Holocaust is one fine example. At first, the Jews were ridiculed and discriminated in Germany. No one tried to question this action for fear of receiving the Germans wrath.The Aryan race factor also fueled the fire which led to enmity to both races. It was already too late as the war finally occurred Nazis ordered a systematic genocide of all European Jews that now famously called the Holocaust. Over 17 million casualties resulted from the state-ordered annihilation (Niewyk Nicosia, 2000). Another example would be the Martial Law in the Philippines during the 1970s. President Ferdinand Marcos held the presidential seat for almost twenty years, ruling the country with an iron fist.For several years, only few dared to stand up against the Marcos regime and question their intentions on proclaiming Martial Law. The Filipinos suffered the continuous wreckage of its economy and the complete(a) corruption of the said government. If it wasnt for Benigno Aquino Sr. s assassination, the people would never be motivated to fight for their rights and wish for a democratic government (A ckerman Duvall, 2001). A pen is mightier than a sword is not message to be taken lightly. Speaking out ones mind has the power to motivate people to either take action or change their opinions.No matter how unpopular an idea is to the society, what mattered is the courage to stand up for ones principles. Martin Luther King Jr. and Kato Shidzue proved that even with several obstacles barricaded in front of anyone, one should always defend what is just. As long as someone listened, on that point will always be people who will be supporting the idea. Moral cowardice maybe a norm for the most people around, but historical events such as the Holocaust and the Philippines Martial Law proved that staying tight-lipped would not guarantees a persons safety.References Helen M. Hopper, Kato Shidzue a Japanese feminist (New York Pearson Longman, 2004). Kirk, John A. , ed. Martin Luther King Jr. and the Civil Rights Movement Controversies and Debates (2007). 224 pp. Niewyk, Donald L. and Nicos ia, Francis R. The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust, Columbia University Press, 2000, pp. 45-52. Peter Ackerman Jack DuVall (2001), A force more sizeable a century of nonviolent conflict, Macmillan, p. 384

An Indian’s View of Indian Affairs: A Speech by Chief Joseph

Sunju Han History 152 Document Analysis During the late nineteenth century, many another(prenominal) changes beat occurred during the Industrial Revolution. The living conditions in America were deteriorating for anyone who wasnt in the upper social economic classes. Many complaints were arising from the masses. Of the population, two primary documents have been detect to express the point of views of particular groups they represent. One of these documents was from Chief Joseph of the Nez Perce Indians, from the Indian point of view. The other document was from the Populists Party, largely representing the farmers and working classes of the 1890s.The time period of both documents approximately range from the 1870s through the 1890s. Chief Josephs speech was called An Indians View of Indian Affairs. In his speech, he speaks from the Indians positioning of how they are treated and handled. One of the many issues he brings up is about the treatment of his people. He felt that his people are treated like animals and out faithfulnesss, creation shot down or driven from country to country. The whites who have encroached on their land have driven off their cattle and horses. They also stole from the Indians. For example, whites would make the Indians young cattle so that they can claim it as their own.Chief Joseph also felt the whites were causing problems on purpose in outrank to start a war between the whites and Indians. He pleads his case by stating how the Indians didnt kill off the first white dresstlers that were having trouble surviving. Now they revenge their thanks by causing trouble because they have the power to conquer the Indians. In the beginning, the Indians gave up around of their land foolishly believe they would be left(a) alone but the more they gave, the more that was taken from them. He complains that his people arent getting treated like humans. Many whites saw them as savages that get dressedt know any other way than violence.In his speech he is taking an emotional approach in order to gain the sympathy of law enforcers, Congress or the President, or from the population. As Chief Joseph was stating how his people were treated, he also stated a general outline of the future he visualize for his people. The future he envisioned consisted mainly of equality. He dreams of his people being treated like all the other men from the states. He pleads that everybody follows the same set of legislation in the land that they all share. He believes that anyone born of the earth was born a free man and should be given liberty.He wants his men to have an equal chance at life in general. The simple liberties like freedom to travel, work, trade where ever they choose, choice of teacher, or even following the worship of their fore fathers. The raw material liberties stated in the very foundation of our country are what Chief Joseph is advocating for his people. He states that they will follow whatever laws set forrader t hem if they can get a chance of being treated like a real man in this country. Joseph did indeed believe that Native Americans and whites could coexist in the United States.When the first white settlers appeared, he believed that they would all have the same set of morals and values. This was the basis of his belief in the coexistence of Indians and whites. His speech also depicts the very possibility of coexistence in exchange for equality. He believes that the Indians would have no problem or reason to cause conflict or trouble if these basic requests were met. He also believes that any man born in the same earth are all granted equal rights from the moment they were born. He states that he is simply reclaiming those rights in order to help better the living conditions his people are living in.He also believes that much of the bloodshed and war can be avoided if each party can be more honest with each other and compromise. The Populists were the first policy-making insurgency, me aning that they were the first to radically go against the ideas of our countrys political policies. They were the first political party that appealed to the farmers and the producing class, which included the industrial workers to the miners. They were the first party to bring up any political plat give on issues that were for the general working class. Many of the other political parties would try to cover up the many problems present in our economy.They were the radicals that went against all the other political platforms, bring up issues that the big companies and industries try to overlook or cover up. The Populists believed that he nation found itself on the brink of moral, political, and material ruin. During those propagation putridness, bribery, and despotism was rampant(ip) everywhere around the whole world, not just the United States. The newspapers were bribed to be silenced, the public opinion didnt matter anymore, and there was corruption in the ballot boxes. The l aborers were denied the freedom to form unions anymore. The currency flow was restricted by the mega-millionaires.There was no way of controlling the huge businesses to better the lives of the working class. These were both(prenominal) of the main issues that caused the Populists to believe that we were on the brink of moral, political, and material ruin. The two proposals put forth by the Populist Party that were significant were the right to form labor unions and the self-command of all transportation to the government. The right to form labor unions would become a sort of balancing process for the big companies. It would restrain the rampant companies from making their workers suffer from unfair and unjust working conditions.It would also provide a system of control that the large industries didnt have before. The ownership of the railroads, telegraph, telephone, and post- agency systems would create a universal fairness for the masses. Since it is a crucial public necessity, a monopoly on any of these items could impact the whole country greatly. The government ownership of these systems would be for the general welfare of the people and create fees that can be affordable to the general masses and population throughout the United States. These are some of the issues and solutions stated in both Chief Josephs speech and the Populist platform.

Project management process Essay

Which of the four phases of the trade union movement management process do you feel is most challenging? wherefore? The focus of invent closedown is to bring the task to an end. incurs send away conclude with a natural or unnatural termination. A natural termination occurs when the requirements of the start have been metthe project has been completed and is a success. Closing down the project. During closedown, you perform several diverse activities. Conducting postproject reviews. Once you have closed down the project, final reviews of the project should be conducted with management and customers. Closing the customer contract.The focus of this final exercise is to ensure that all contractual terms of the project have been met. A project governed by a contractual agreement is typically non completed until agreed to by both parties, often in writing. Closedown is an important activity. A project is not complete until it is closed, and it is at closedown that projects are de emed a success or failure. Completion also signifies the chance to begin a sensitive project and apply what you have learned. Now that you have an understanding of the project management process, the next section describes particular(prenominal) techniques practiced in systems development for representing and computer programing activities and resources.What are some sources of risk in a systems analysis and design project, and how does a project manager cope with risk during the stages of project management? The designing of systems analysis and design is for a business to increase their efficiency, because when you look at a current system you will see flaws that need fixed autonomic nervous system within the new system that you design you will take these into consideration. A new system will make the the business more profitable. The Capital Project pretend Management Process is intended to result in the effective management of project risks (threats and opportunities). The objective of the project risk management process is to swear out project sponsors and project teams to make informed decisions regarding project alternatives.The project manager, project sponsor, and project team members jointly develop a written plan that enables them to identify, assess, quantify, lift a response to, monitor, and control capital project risks. There are two stages in the process of Project Risk Management, Risk Assessment and Risk Control. Risk Assessment can take place at any time during the project, though the sooner the better. However, Risk Control cannot be effective without a previous Risk Assessment. Similarly, most people tend to think that having performed a Risk Assessment, they have done all that is needed. Far too many projects occur a great deal of effort on Risk Assessment and then ignore Risk control completely.Search the Web for recent reviews of project management software package package. Which packages seem to be most popular? What are the relative strengths and weaknesses of each package? What advice would you give to someone intending to buy project management software for his or her PC? Why? There are basically two types of online PM applications that can be accessed and utilized with any compatible web browser. The source and most common type is web-based software that is hosted and maintained by a third party, such as Project Genius and Basecamp. These products whirl numerous advantages, oddly for those groups who are spread out over a large geographical area or who spend a lot of time traveling. The main exchange point for these tools is that all you need is an Internet connection to access your project information.That is, theres no need to worry about remotely connecting to your family server or to lug around copies of data on external storage devices. An added bonus is that multiple people can access and switch the alike information simultaneously, so theres no confusion about which version of a proje ct management form is the most recent. One downside of these applications hosted by third-parties is that most have some sort of monthly fee associated with them, and these fees can start to add up fast. However, there are some services, including Basecamp and Central Desktop, which offer free accounts to those with limited needs. Others, such as Clarizen, offer substantial discounts if you subscribe for an extended period of time and pay for that subscription in advance.A nice involvement about the free accounts provided by certain vendors is that they can be upgraded to full paid accounts at any time. So, even if you think that the free version of these applications wont be enough for your project management needs in the long run, you can still test them out without spending a dime. some other disadvantage of these third-party services that may be a deal-breaker for some is that you are basically locked in to the design and format of the software. That is, it can be difficult, i f not impossible, to modify the application so that it includes all the fields and forms you need as well as get rid of all the ones you dont. If the ability to do this is elevated on your list, you may be better off going with self-hosted, open-source project management software. Ill talk more about this option in the next section.Suppose that you have been contracted by a jewelry store to manage a project to create a new descent tracking system. Describe your initial approach to the project. What should your first activity be? What information would you need? To whom might you need to speak? Initiating the project. Establishing the project initiation team. This activity involves organizing an initial core of project team members to assist in accomplishing the project initiation activities. Establishing a relationship with the customer. A thorough understanding of your customer builds stronger partnerships and higher(prenominal) levels of trust.At PVF, management has tried to fos ter strong deviseing relationships between business units (such as purchasing) and the IS development group by assigning a specific individual to work as a liaison between both groups. Establishing the project initiation plan. This step defines the activities inevitable to organize the initiation team temporary hookup it is working to define the scope of the project. Chriss role was to help Juanita translate her business requirements into a written request for an improved information system. This task required the collection, analysis, organization, and transformation of a lot of information. Establishing management procedures.Successful projects require the development of effective management procedures. Within PVF, many of these management procedures had been established as measuring stick operating procedures by the Systems Priority Board and the IS development group. Establishing the project management environment and project workbook. The focus of this activity is to collec t and organize the tools that you will use while managing the project and to construct the project workbook. Developing the project charter. The project charter is a short (typically one page), high-level document hustling for the customer that describes what the project will deliver and outlines many of the key elements of the project. I need to speak to the manager of this company and find the warehouse keeper, because he know the neckcloth clearly.If I were an employee at Petries Electronics, I would work on this project because a project scope statement is a short document prepared primarily for the customer to clearly describe what the project will deliver and outline generally at a high level all work required for completing the project. Jim was successes to briefly introduce this new project and its objectives to the customer. He also claimed what opportunity and project benefits will bring to the company. We can clearly see the team members and their responsibility and the general estimated project duration.This project scope statement is good, but there are some problems they need project deliverables and the stakeholders can not show in this document. In addition, the objective of this project cannot enforce customers to regard our products as the first and only choice, this project should be track customer acquire to forecast buying patterns and serve better customer services by this new customer relationship management system.Tangible cost includes hardware and software cost, labor cost, and operational costs from employee training and building renovations.Intangible cost includes loss of time to decision or conflict, employee morale and operational inefficiency.This project will immediately bring intangible benefits like organizational and operational benefits increased employee morale, increased organizational flexibility and competitive necessity, first to market.E actually project has risks. Now Jims team just has a general idea and plan to this project, but it is still a high-risk project. After they correct the scope statement, they must saying some feasibility concerns like operational, technical and schedule feasibility. Because this is a new and challenging system, hardware, software and operating system to be used are very important the process of examining the system also will be a big risk in the future. If I were part of Jims team, the teams risk is my risk. That is not a big deal I think we can pass it over together. On this case, if I work in this Jims team, I am worrying about operational risk because in current days, competition is fierce and technology changes fast, I hope this system can fit the day-to-day operations of the organization.

Comparison between five process models of software engineering Essay

IJCSI International Journal of estimator experience Issues, Vol. 7, Issue 5, September 2010 ISSN (Online) 1694-0814www.IJCSI.orgA Comparison Between five dollar bill Models Of Softw ar designNabil Mohammed Ali Munassar1 and A. Govardhan21Ph.D Student of calculating machine Science & applied scienceJawahrlal Nehru Technological UniversityKuktapally, Hyderabad- 500 085, Andhra Pradesh, India2Professor of reckoner Science & EngineeringPrincipal JNTUH of Engineering College, Jagityal, Karimnagar (Dt), A.P., India slipThis research deals with a racy and important issue in calculating machine world. It is concerned with the package management changees that examine the ara of bundle development by dint of thedevelopment ideals, which ar known as package product package developmentlife rack. It represents five of the development models namely, falls, Iteration, V-shaped, spiral and perfect schedule. These models contain advantages and disadvantages as well.Therefore, the main object glass of this research is to represent different models of package development and make acomparison between them to show the features and defects ofeach model.Keywords Software Management Processes, Software tuition, Development Models, Software Development Life round of drinks, Comparison between five models of Software Engineering.increased recently which results in the difficulty ofenumerating such companies. During the previous fourdecades, software has been developed from a tool used foranalyzing information or solving a problem to a product initself. However, the early programming stages havecreated a number of problems turning software anobstacle to software development particularly thoserelying on computers. Software consists of documents andprograms that contain a collection that has beenestablished to be a part of software engineeringprocedures. Moreover, the aim of software engineering isto create a suitable expire that construct programs of high tonus. 1. IntroductionComputer ScienceNo angiotensin-converting enzyme can deny the importance of computer in our life,especially during the present time. In fact, computer hasbecome indispensible in at onces life as it is used in many an separate(prenominal)fields of life such as industry, medicine, commerce,education and even agriculture. It has become animportant broker in the industry and technology ofadvanced as well as developing countries. Now a days,organizations become more dependent on computer intheir functional as a result of computer technology. Computeris considered a time- saving device and its progress helpsin executing complex, long, repeated processes in a veryshort time with a high speed. In addition to usingcomputer for work, people use it for fun andentertainment. Noticeably, the number of companies thatproduce software programs for the purpose of facilitatingworks of offices, administrations, banks, etc, hasTheoriesComputer FunctionClientProblemsThe Software eng ineeringTools and techniques to solve problemsFig. 1 Explanation of software engineering conception.IJCSI International Journal of Computer Science Issues, Vol. 7, Issue 5, September 2010 ISSN (Online) 1694-0814www.IJCSI.org952. Software Process Modelsconcern.A software process model is an abstract representation of aprocess. It presents a comment of a process from more or lessparticular perspective asThe pure waterfall lifecycle consists of several nonoverlapping stages, as shown in the following figure. The model begins with establishing system requirements andsoftware requirements and continues with architecturaldesign, detailed design, coding, analyzeing, and maintenance.The waterfall model serves as a baseline for many otherlifecycle models.1.2.3.4.Specification. physique.Validation.Evolution.General Software Process Models are1. Waterfall model Separate and distinct phases ofspecification and development.2. Prototype model.3. Rapid application development model (RAD).4. E volutionarydevelopmentSpecification,development and brass are interleaved.5. Incremental model.6. repetitious model.7. Spiral model.8. Component- found software engineering The systemis assembled from existing components. musical arrangement RequirementsSoftware RequirementsArchitectural traffic patternDetailed Design tagThere are many variants of these models e.g. formaldevelopment where a waterfall-like process is used, butthe specification is formal that is refined through with(predicate) with(predicate) severalstages to an implementable design1.TestingMaintenanceFig. 2 Waterfall Model4.3. Five ModelsA Programming process model is an abstractrepresentation to describe the process from a particularperspective. There are numbers of general models forsoftware processes, like Waterfall model, Evolutionarydevelopment, Formal systems development and Reusebased development, etc. This research will view the following five models 1. Waterfall model.2. Iteration model.3. V-shaped mod el.4. Spiral model.5. Extreme model.These models are chosen because their featurescorrespond to most software development programs.RequirementsDefinitionSystem andSoftware DesignImplementationand social unit Testing integrating andSystem Testing3.1 The Waterfall ModelThe waterfall model is the classical model of softwareengineering. This model is one of the oldest models and iswidely used in government projects and in many majorcompanies. As this model emphasizings planning in earlystages, it ensures design flaws before they develop. Inaddition, its intensive document and planning make itwork well for projects in which quality control is a majorOperation andMaintenanceFig. 3 Waterfall model2.The following list details the steps for using the waterfallIJCSI International Journal of Computer Science Issues, Vol. 7, Issue 5, September 2010 ISSN (Online) 1694-0814www.IJCSI.orgmodel1 System requirements Establishes the componentsfor building the system, including the hardwarerequirement s, software tools, and other infalliblecomponents. Examples include decisions onhardware, such as plug-in boards (number ofchannels, acquisition speed, and so on), and decisionson external pieces of software, such as databases orlibraries.23Software requirements Establishes the expectationsfor software functionality and identifies which systemrequirements the software affects. Requirementsanalysis includes determining interaction needed withother applications and databases, performancerequirements, user interface requirements, and so on.Architectural design conditions the software material of a system to meet the specificrequirements. This design defines the majorcomponents and the interaction of those components,but it does not define the structure of eachcomponent. The external interfaces and tools used inthe project can be determined by the designer.4Detailed design Examines the software componentsdefined in the architectural design stage and producesa specification for how eac h component isimplemented.5CodingImplementsspecification.67thedetailedstarting coding. There is no overlap between stages. Inreal-world development, however, one can discover issuesduring the design or coding stages that point out errors orgaps in the requirements.The waterfall method does not prohibit returning to an earliest phase, for example, returning from the design phaseto the requirements phase. However, this involves costlyrework. Each completed phase requires formal review andextensive documentation development. Thus, oversightsmade in the requirements phase are expensive to correct deepr.Because the actual development comes late in the process,one does not see results for a long time. This delay can bedisconcerting to management and customers. Many peoplealso think that the amount of documentation is excessiveand inflexible.Although the waterfall model hasinstructive because it emphasizesproject development. Even if onemodel, he must consider each ofrelationship to his ow n project 4.1.2.3.designTesting Determines whether the software meets thespecified requirements and finds any errors present inthe code.Maintenance Addresses problems and sweeteningrequests after the software releases.In some organizations, a change control board maintainsthe quality of the product by reviewing each change madein the maintenance stage. Consider applying the fullwaterfall development cycle model when correctingproblems or implementing these enhancement requests.In each stage, documents that explain the objectives anddescribe the requirements for that phase are created. At the end of each stage, a review to determine whether theproject can proceed to the next stage is held. Yourprototyping can also be corporal into any stage fromthe architectural design and after.Many people believe that this model cannot be applied toall situations. For example, with the pure waterfall model,the requirements must be stated before beginning thedesign, and the complete design must be stated before964.5.6.1.2.4.5.6.7.its weaknesses, it isimportant stages ofdoes not apply thisthese stages and itsAdvantages Easy to say and implement.Widely used and known (in theory).Reinforces good habitsdefine-before- design,design-before-code.Identifies deliverables and milestones.Document driven, URD, SRD, etc. Publisheddocumentation standards, e.g. PSS-05.Works well on mature products and weak teams.Disadvantages Idealized, doesnt match reality well.Doesnt reflect iterative nature of exploratorydevelopment.3. Unrealistic to expect accurate requirements soearly in project.Software is delivered late in project, delays discoveryof serious errors.Difficult to integrate bump management.Difficult and expensive to make changes todocuments, swimming upstream.Significant administrative overhead, costly for blueteams and projects 6.Pure WaterfallThis is the classical system development model. It consistsof discontinuous phases1.2.3.Concept.Requirements.Architectural design.IJCSI Int ernational Journal of Computer Science Issues, Vol. 7, Issue 5,September 2010 ISSN (Online) 1694-0814www.IJCSI.org4.5.6.Detailed design.Coding and development.Testing and implementation.Table 1 Strengths & Weaknesses of Pure WaterfallStrengthsMinimizes planningoverhead since it canbe done up front.Structure minimizeswasted effort, so itworks well fortechnically weak orinexperienced staff.Risk reduction spirals can be added to the top of thewaterfall to reduce happens prior to the waterfall phases. The waterfall can be further modified using options such asprototyping, JADs or CRC sessions or other methods ofrequirements gathering done in overlapping phases 5.Weaknesses3.2 iterative DevelopmentInflexibleOnly the final phaseproduces a nondocumentationdeliverable.Backing up toaddress mistakes isdifficult.The problems with the Waterfall Model created a demandfor a overbold method of developing systems which couldprovide faster results, require less up-front information,and offer great er flexibility. With Iterative Development,the project is divided into small parts. This allows thedevelopment team to give results in front on in theprocess and obtain valuable feedback from system users.Often, each iteration is actually a mini-Waterfall processwith the feedback from one phase providing vitalinformation for the design of the next phase. In a variation of this model, the software products, which are producedat the end of each step (or series of steps), can go intoproduction immediately as incremental releases. Pure Waterfall SummaryThe pure waterfall model performs well for products withclearly understood requirements or when working withwell understood technical tools, architectures andinfrastructures. Its weaknesses tell only make itinadvisable when rapid development is needed. In thosecases, modified models may be more effective.97 modified WaterfallThe modified waterfall uses the same phases as the purewaterfall, but is not based on a discontinuous basis. Thi senables the phases to overlap when needed. The purewaterfall can also split into subprojects at an appropriatephase (such as after the architectural design or detaileddesign).Table 2 Strengths & Weaknesses of circumscribed WaterfallStrengthsMore flexible than thepure waterfall model.If there is personnelcontinuity between thephases, documentationcan be substantiallyreduced.Implementation of wantonareas does not need towait for the hard ones.WeaknessesModified Waterfall SummaryMilestones are moreambiguous than thepure waterfall.Activities performedin parallel are candidto miscommunicationand mistakenassumptions.Unforeseeninterdependencies cancreate problems.Fig. 4 Iterative Development.3.3 V-Shaped ModelJust like the waterfall model, the V-Shaped life cycle is asequential elbow room of execution of processes. Each phasemust be completed before the next phase begins. Testingis emphasized in this model more than the waterfallmodel. The testing procedures are developed early in the life cycle before any coding is done, during each of thephases preceding implementation. Requirements begin thelife cycle model just like the waterfall model. BeforeIJCSI International Journal of Computer Science Issues, Vol. 7, Issue 5, September 2010 ISSN (Online) 1694-0814www.IJCSI.orgdevelopment is started, a system test plan is created. Thetest plan focuses on meeting the functionality specified inrequirements gathering.98RequirementsThe high-level design phase focuses on systemarchitecture and design. An integration test plan is created in this phase in order to test the pieces of the softwaresystems ability to work together. However, the low-leveldesign phase lies where the actual software componentsare designed, and unit tests are created in this phase aswell.System TestPlanningHigh LevelDesignLow LevelDesignThe implementation phase is, again, where all codingtakes place. Once coding is complete, the path ofexecution continues up the right side of the V where thetest plans d eveloped earlier are now put to use.Simple and easy to use.Each phase has specific deliverables.Higher chance of success over the waterfall modelimputable to the early development of test plans during thelife cycle.Works well for small projects where requirements areeasily understood.Unit TestPlanningIntegrationTestingUnitTestingImplementationAdvantages1.2.3.IntegrationTestPlanningSystemTesting4.Fig. 6 V-Shaped Life Cycle Model7.3.4 Spiral ModelThe spiral model is convertible to the incremental model, withmore emphases placed on risk analysis. The spiral modelhas four phases Planning, Risk Analysis, Engineering andEvaluation. A software project repeatedly passes throughthese phases in iterations (called Spirals in thismodel). The baseline spiral, starting in the planningphase, requirements are gathered and risk isassessed. Each subsequent spiral builds on the baselinespiral. Requirements are gathered during the planningphase. In the risk analysis phase, a process is undertakento id entify risk and alternate solutions. A prototype isproduced at the end of the risk analysis phase. Software isproduced in the engineering phase, along with testing atthe end of the phase. The evaluation phase allows thecustomer to evaluate the output of the project to trothbefore the project continues to the next spiral.In the spiral model, the angular component representsprogress, and the radius of the spiral represents cost.Fig. 5 V-Model 3Disadvantages1.2.Very rigid like the waterfall model. small-scale flexibility and adjusting scope is difficult andexpensive.Software is developed during the implementation phase,so no early prototypes of the software are produced.This Model does not provide a clear path for problemsfound during testing phases 7.3.4.1.2.3.AdvantagesHigh amount of risk analysis.Good for large and mission-critical projects.Software is produced early in the software life cycle.1.2.3.Disadvantages fire be a costly model to use.Risk analysis requires highly specific expertise.Projects success is highly dependent on the riskanalysis phase.Doesnt work well for smaller projects 7.4.IJCSI International Journal of Computer Science Issues, Vol. 7, Issue 5, September 2010 ISSN (Online) 1694-0814www.IJCSI.org1.Spiral model sectors object glassive set Specific objectives for the phase areidentified.2. Risk assessment and reduction Risks are assessed andactivities are put in place to reduce the key risks.3. Development and validation A development modelfor the system is chosen which can be any of thegeneral models.4. Planning The project is reviewed and the next phaseof the spiral is be after 1.99under which the system would produce win-lose or loselose outcomes for some stakeholders. 3. Identify and Evaluate Alternatives Solicitsuggestions from stakeholders, evaluate them with respectto stakeholders win conditions, synthesize and negotiate scene win-win alternatives, analyze, assess, resolvewin-lose or lose-lose risks, record commitments and areasto b e left flexible in the projects design record and lifecycle plans.4. Cycle through the Spiral Elaborate the win conditionsevaluate and screen alternatives, resolve risks, accumulateappropriate commitments, and develop and executedownstream plans 8.3.5 Extreme ProgrammingAn approach to development, based on the developmentand delivery of very small increments of functionality. Itrelies on constant code improvement, user thing inthe development team and pair perspicacious programming . It canbe difficult to keep the interest of customers who areinvolved in the process. Team members may be unsuitedto the intense involvement that characterizes agilemethods. Prioritizing changes can be difficult where thereare multiple stakeholders. Maintaining simplicity requiresextra work. Contracts may be a problem as with otherapproaches to iterative development.Fig. 7 Spiral Model of the Software Process1. WinWin Spiral ModelThe original spiral model Boehm 88 began each cycle ofthe spiral by do t he next level of elaboration ofthe prospective systems objectives, constraints andalternatives. A primary difficulty in applying the spiralmodel has been the lack of explicit process guidance indetermining these objectives, constraints, and alternatives. The Win-Win Spiral Model Boehm 94 uses the theoryW (win-win) approach Boehm 89b to converge on asystems next-level objectives, constraints, andalternatives. This surmise W approach involves identifyingthe systems stakeholders and their win conditions, andusing negotiation processes to determine a mutuallysatisfactory set of objectives, constraints, and alternatives for the stakeholders. In particular, as illustrated in thefigure, the nine-step Theory W process translates into thefollowing spiral model extensions1. Determine Objectives Identify the system life-cyclestakeholders and their win conditions and establish initialsystem boundaries and external interfaces.2. Determine Constraints Determine the conditionsFig. 8 The XP Releas e Cycle Extreme Programming PracticesIncremental planning Requirements are recorded onStory Cards and the Stories to be included in a release aredetermined by the time available and their relative priority. The developers break these stories into developmentTasks.Small Releases The minimal useful set of functionalitythat provides furrow value is developed first. Releases of the system are frequent and incrementally addfunctionality to the first release.IJCSI International Journal of Computer Science Issues, Vol. 7, Issue 5, September 2010 ISSN (Online) 1694-0814www.IJCSI.orgSimple Design Enough design is carried out to meet thecurrent requirements and no more.Test first development An automated unit testframework is used to compose tests for a new piece offunctionality before functionality itself is implemented.Refactoring All developers are expected to re-factor thecode continuously as soon as possible code improvementsare found. This keeps the code simple and maintainable.Pair P rogramming Developers work in pairs, checkingeach others work and providing support to do a good job.embodied Ownership The pairs of developers work onall areas of the system, so that no islands of expertisedevelop and all the developers own all the code. Anyonecan change anything.Continuous Integration As soon as work on a task iscomplete, it is integrated into the whole system. later anysuch integration, all the unit tests in the system must pass. Sustainable pace Large amounts of over-time are notconsidered acceptable as the net effect is often to reducecode quality and medium term productivity.On-site Customer A representative of the end-user of thesystem (the Customer) should be available full time for theuse of the XP team. In an extreme programming process,the customer is a member of the development team and isresponsible for bringing system requirements to the teamfor implementation.1.2.3.4.5.XP and agile principlesIncremental development is supported through small,frequent system releases.Customer involvement means full-time customerengagement with the team.People not process through pair programming,collective ownership and a process that avoids longworking hours.Change supported through regular system releases.Maintaining simplicity through constant refactoring ofcode 1.1.2.3.4.5.AdvantagesLightweight methods suit small-medium size projects.Produces good team cohesion.Emphasises final product.Iterative.Test based approach to requirements and qualityassurance.1.DisadvantagesDifficult to scale up to large projects wheredocumentation is essential.Needs experience and learning if not to degenerate intocode-and-fix.Programming pairs is costly.2.3.4.100Test case construction is a difficult and specializedskill 6.4. Conclusion and Future WorkAfter completing this research , it is concluded that 1. There are many existing models for developingsystems for different sizes of projects andrequirements.2. These models were established between 1970 and1999.3. W aterfall model and spiral model are used commonlyin developing systems.4. Each model has advantages and disadvantages for thedevelopment of systems , so each model tries toeliminate the disadvantages of the previous modelFinally, some topics can be suggested for future works1.2.3.Suggesting a model to simulate advantages that arefound in different models to software processmanagement.Making a comparison between the suggested modeland the previous software processes managementmodels.Applying the suggested model to many projects toensure of its suitability and documentation to explainits mechanical work.REFERENCES1 Ian Sommerville, Software Engineering, AddisonWesley, 7th edition, 2004.2 CTG. MFA 003, A Survey of System DevelopmentProcess Models, Models for Action Project DevelopingPractical Approaches to Electronic Records Managementand Preservation, Center for Technology in GovernmentUniversity at Albany / Suny,1998 .3 Steve Easterbrook, Software Lifecycles, Universityof Toronto De partment of Computer Science, 2001.4 National Instruments Corporation, Lifecycle Models,2006 , http//zone.ni.com.5 JJ Kuhl, Project Lifecycle Models How They Differand When to Use Them,2002 www.businessesolutions.com.6 Karlm, Software Lifecycle Models, KTH,2006 .7 Rlewallen, Software Development Life CycleModels, 2005 ,http//codebeter.com.8 Barry Boehm, Spiral Development Experience,Principles, and Refinements, edited by Wilfred J.Hansen, 2000 .Nabil Mohammed Ali Munassar was born in Jeddah, SaudiArabia in 1978. He studied Computer Science at University of Science and Technology, Yemen from 1997 to 2001. In 2001 heIJCSI International Journal of Computer Science Issues, Vol. 7, Issue 5, September 2010 ISSN (Online) 1694-0814www.IJCSI.orgreceived the Bachelor degree. He studied Master of Information Technology at Arab Academic, Yemen, from 2004 to 2007. Nowrdhe Ph.D. Student 3 year of CSE at Jawaharlal NehruTechnological University (JNTU), Hyderabad, A. P., India. He is working as Ass ociate Professor in Computer Science &Engineering College in University Of Science and Technology, Yemen. His area of interest include Software Engineering, System Analysis and Design, Databases and Object OrientedTechnologies.Dr.A.Govardhan received Ph.D. degree in Computer Scienceand Engineering from Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University in 2003, M.Tech. from Jawaharlal Nehru University in 1994 and B.E. from Osmania University in 1992. He is Working as aPrincipal of Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Jagitial. He has published well-nigh 108 papers in various national andinternational Journals/conferences. His research of interest includes Databases, Data Warehousing & Mining, InformationRetrieval, Computer Networks, Image Processing, SoftwareEngineering, Search Engines and Object Oriented Technologies.101

What is NATO for?

The northernmost Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) is whatsoever 1949 alliance involving 26 North America and atomic number 63 nations. It objectives be to protect the se4curity and freedom of fellow fraction states though military and political means. NATO is the principal security association at heart Europe. The alliance helps shield assort have modernise their shared strategic theory, upheld NATOs amalgamated military transcription, and carry on conducting mutual military scheduling, exercises and training. The allies have generated new(a) fora and policies for boosting dialogue with previously communist nations of eastern and commutation Europe.Most importantly, NATO has had a major contribution in the enforcement of UN Security Council deliberations indoors what was at a time called Yugoslavia (Kaplan, 2004, 22). NATO has both(prenominal) significant function in haughty and containing militarized disputes within eastern and central Europe. It even strives to ev ade such(prenominal)(prenominal) conflicts by vigorously encouraging stability in what was once the Soviet community. NATO assisted in stabilizing Western Europe, the states of which were formerly usually bitter enemies.Through solving the dilemma regarding security as puff up as offering well-nigh institutional system for building of shared security strategies, the alliance has had a contribution in rendering utilization of forceful modes as regards the relationships of the nations within such a region al around inconceivable (Duffeld, 1995). NATO persists in the enhancement of portion country security with regard to external hazards through a number of methods. Firstly, NATO upholds the tactical balance within Europe by counterbalancing the lingering danger emanating from the Russian military strength.Secondly, is assists to tackle emerging fresh dangers, encompassing the intricate dangers that could result from the disputes among and within the nations of eastern and central Europe. Thirdly, it obstructs such dangers from occurring by working towards nurturing stability within what was once the soviet community (Churchill, 2006). Western European countries strive to uphold some counterbalance to former Soviet Unions residual build up forces power, particularly the nuclear ability of Russia.Another post-cold war function of NATO is shielding of member states from an assortment of freshly emerging dangers. More focus has been directed to potential perils emanating out of Middle East and North Africa, partly due to the proliferation of expertise for create missiles as well as weapons of mass destruction within such areas. The most prominent among fresh external dangers are however, territorial, ethnic as well as national disputes among and within the eastern and central European nations.These disputes are able to produce m whatever immigrants or as well overflow into inhabit nations territories, NATO member states included. In the most extreme of skid s, outside nations could sense the compulsion to get involved, thus stoking broadening of enmity, as find oneselfed at the start of World state of war II. Despite the fact that NATO has not been able to terminate such conflicts so far, the alliance assists in tackling the issues emanating from the disputes through a number of modes. Firstly, NATO shield member nations from presumptive overflow of armed forces hostilities.Although none of NATO member nations has ever received serious threats in such a way, the alliances extensive experience in arranging member nation defenses ensures NATO is adequately ready to handle such emergencies (Sandler, Hartley, 1999, 16). NATO as well assists other nations to avoid being inducted into such conflicts. NATOs institution assures member nations located near such a zone that they will receive assistance in tackling nearby conflicts in the event that such conflicts make up and overflow, thus minimizing the motivation to unilaterally get invol ved.Instead, the presence of NATO assists in ensuring that military participation of western nations in these disputes, if at all it happens, is consensual and collective. The likeliness of some quick, coordinated response from NATO could deter other nations from interfering (http//www. nato. int/docu/speech/2003/s031103a. htm). NATO in 1992 reached a consensus to avail NATO property in the support of peacekeeping actions canonic by the United Nations (UN) Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE).At the beginning of 1994, NATO as well endorsed the construction of some mechanism named combine Joint Task Forces (C JTF) which would allow member coalitions (coalitions of the willing) to utilize shared alliance possessions for particular actions outside the accord zone. Most spectacularly, NATO has acquired vital experience in what was once Yugoslavia. NATO personnel have imposed the Adriatic maritime barricade as well as a no-fly region over Bosnia. NATO as well offere d defensive send off authority for United Nations ground forces.They utilized the warning of air ambushes to secure seclusion regions for serious arms around the united nations-selected safe Gorazde zone and Sarajevo. pursuant(predicate) to the disintegration of socialism, numerous former soviet community nations have embarked on aggressive economic and political reforms. Europe has substantial stakes in such efforts because failure may result to mass migrations, Domestic strife, armed disputes and direct dangers to surrounding NATO member states as well.NATO encourages stability within the previous soviet community through 2 ways. Firstly, the alliance directly nurtures political restructuring success within the area. Starting in 1990, the alliance has initiated a broad spectrum of institutions and programs for consultation regarding security concerns, most conspicuously the Partnership for Peace (PfP) and the North Atlantic Cooperation Council (NACC). NATO may utilize such initia tives to aid the young regimes to restructure their security structures, planning procedures and policies (Greenwood, 1993).Such fresh arrangements may particularly strengthen democratic management of the military as well as reverence for civilian power through inducting eastern and central European heads to western civil-military associations models. Secondly, the alliance boosts eastern and central European security though reassuring such nations that they will be assisted in case they receive outside threats. This helps such states to abandon possibly destabilizing activities as well as to follow their aggressive domestic restructuring agendas with more confidence.Starting from 1990, NATOS North Atlantic Council has constantly issued candid oral statements of awareness as happened during 1991s soviet coup detat attempt. The NACC permits states in the former Soviet Union to state their issues as well as discuss varied issues regularly as they engage their counterparts in NATO as i dentical partners. The freshly approved PfP provides every member positive dialogue with NATO, in the vent that such a member perceives some direct danger to their security, as well as solid military liaisons with NATO member states through contribution to several military operations and activities (http//www. ato. int/docu/speech/2003/s031103a. htm). Since its formative years, NATO has significantly worked towards normalizing relationships among member states. Extremely important among NATOs intra-alliance roles is reassurance. NATOs existence assures member states that they should not fear each other. The alliance minimizes the likelihood of disputes among western European member states in 3 ways including increasing stability tying the US to Europe so as to guarantee the upholding of the equilibrium of authority within the area and inhibiting re-nationalization of such nations security strategies.A significant possible cause of conflict between nations is misunderstanding and m isperception among nations. Without reliable and detailed data, policy makers could overstate the offensive armed capacities of other nations or misconstrue foreign objectives, usually regarding them as being more antagonistic that they are in the actual sense. They as well are inclined to overlooking the safety issues their own activities could inflame abroad (Kaplan, 2004, 41). Therefore, international relationships are usually characterized by mistrust and suspicion.NATO assists in avoiding the mergence of such damaging dynamics it instead encourages mutual self-assurance though facilitating sublime intra-alliance honesty. Contribution to NATOs force strategizing procedure requires member states to share detailed data regarding their armed forces, defense financial statements as well as next strategies. Owing to this institutionalized transparency, member states only hide a few secret from their counterparts, and they possess minimal motivations to do likewise.NATO also nurtur es reassurance for member states through lying-in integration of members security strategies. To different but normally significant extents, Nations formulate as well as implement their defense strategies jointly as members of NATO as opposed to on exclusively state basis. Such security strategy privatization neutralizes the usual competition and enmity for military supremacy that could otherwise happen amongst the chance on European queen-size shots, it also assists to prevent any usage of armed forces posturing to attain political clout in Europe (Churchill, 2006).In case re-nationalization happens, this could result to issues regarding internal inequities within Western Europe as well as arouse fresh competition, conflict and mistrust. NATO encourages security strategy denationalization in a number of ways. NATOS consultative arms, force scheduling procedures as well as integrated armed systems assist to develop a shared identity amongst member states. Frequent and comprehens ive dialogue results to an elevated level of common understanding.Cooperative force scheduling assists reshape member states armed forces posture in order to reflect NATO-wide, as opposed to, national concerns. Also, assignments to NATOs military associations and civilian officialdoms socialize military personnel and state officials into some shared NATO customs. Additionally contribution to NATOs combined military system fosters minimized military independence among member states, particularly within central Europe because it permits members relinquish or at the minimum deemphasize several components vital for an autonomous military capacity.Numerous European nations, For instance, rely heavily upon the alliances multinational space early caution force as well as its combined air protection structures. Small as well as big nations have given up their capability to undertake particular missions, like the sweeping of mines and air surveillance, with the intention of husbanding secur ity resources, after having known that counterpart allies could undertake such missions (Duffeld, 1995).International integration develops a measure of shared control through increasing the extent of joint contribution to operational and organization planning. Therefore, the persistent existence of the multinational military system imposes restraints upon the capability of numerous member states to utilize their armed personnel for purely state objectives, at any rate on the short-to-medium period, as well as assures members regarding the shared objective of their armed might.Without NATO, the likelihood of one nations forces raising alarm within another nation would be greater (http//www. direct. gov. uk/en/Governmentcitizensandrights/UKgovernment/TheUKandtheworld/DG_073420). NATO member states regard maintenance of the alliance to be mutually advantageous to them, since it carries on the performance of a number of essential security roles, both internal and external, including inc orporation of Canada and the United States into European defense matters.NATO has as well adapted impressively to the dynamic European defense environment, positive example being the experience in Bosnia. Whereas the joint defense of NATO territory is the core function of the NATO alliance, the fresh NATO, through widening its key role to incorporate peacekeeping and crisis handling as well as encouraging cooperation and partnership, including some strategic association with Moscow, has emerged to be the backbone of some European joint defense regime (Sandler, Hartley, 1999, 67).

Are Colleges Worth the Price of Admission? Essay

Graduating with six figures worth of debt is becoming increasingly common. (179) In the essay ar Colleges Worth the Price of Admission Andrew ward-heeler and Claudia Dreifus discussed about how the price of college education is increasing, while the quality of some instructors is decreasing. Hacker and Dreifus gave tips on how to make college education successful. Hacker and Dreifus included the tips they discovered including money, faculty-student relations, classes that should be taken, graduate schools, and teaching techniques the two also visited schools across the United States from University of Mississippi to Western Oregon and figured out what those schools were doing proper(a) to have a good success rate. Many schools have forgotten what its like to give a student an education that is worth their prison term and money. Most kids go into several thousands of dollars of debt and come out with a negligent education. If schools were to pay better attention to the tips given , they would be more likely to succeed in educating students. Hacker and Dreifus believe that all students should be involved in the learning process.The students must love to learn what they are learning about hardly in order for that to happen teachers must love what they are teaching about and care for their students. All students must be able to use their minds. 64% of undergraduate students are enrolled in vocational majors, instead of choosing fields like philosophy, literature, or physical science. (180) Those classes are much more difficult than general classes. Students should not be able to go through college and never be challenged they are paying for a challenge. If a students relationship to faculty members is good past they entrust get a better education. The education shouldnt incisively be the teacher not knowing names, and teaching the relationship should be the teacher knows what the student wants to do with the degree. simply, instead many another(prenomina l) teachers are apathetic when it comes to a students learning. The teacher gets paid whether they teach well or not. Another problem is many teachers are getting a sabbatical, which allows them to get time off every 7 years. The reasoning of sabbaticals is so teacherscan expand the research field but as Hacker and Dreifus pondered, Do we really urgency that many new books or articles?(181) The president of the school typically does no know their students.The presidents are just in the business for the money, not the students individual education. Some teachers try to focus on lighting students to graduate school and not devil about the ones stopping their education after their two or four year degree. Schools believe that they need all of the big graduate schools on their campus. But in reality in that location are plenty of graduate schools in the United States. Not every school needs a graduate or medical school in fact, Princeton University has succeeded quite nicely without a medical school.(182) Princeton University is an Ivy League school, and if they are doing just fine without a medical school, chances are your school will do fine also. People donate money and services to schools. Thats nice and considerate of them but most people send money to the big schools that everybody knows and hears about. Then those schools then have too many donations and begin buying unimportant things.People should try sending their money to bantam schools that could truly use the money and be much more thankful for it. A bundle of new teaching techniques are now available for teachers to use. Teachers need to be able to offer multiple techniques. Some techniques work better for some students, while others do not. In order for students to get the best education, they will need to use the technique that works best for them. Hacker and Dreifus visited campuses across the United States from the University of Mississippi to Western Oregon. Many of the things each of the s chools had in common was that they focused on the students, had professors that cared about their field of study, and didnt charge the most outrageous prices. Only 10% of the classes are taught by graduate assistants (184) was found during researching the school of Notre Dame. A school that wants to be successful cannot have a majority of classes taught by graduate assistants.Berea College and Cooper Union were both schools that students received tuition free there were alternatives, such as labor jobs for them to pay off tuition, therefore students were not stressed about their education debt. Evergreen State College was a school that did not give letter grades. Each student was given an evaluation sheet at the end of the year. Surprisingly, the school is very successful with reports of 82% found wax time employment within a year, and 93% thatapplied to graduate school was accepted (188) The teachers must pay some attention to undergraduate students, so they can succeed and hopef ully go up to the next level of education.The key to a successful school is paying attention to your undergraduates and not qualification them pay so much money for a bad quality education. Schools need to keep in mind the tips given. Remember Hacker and Dreifus think that money, faculty-student relations, the option of classes, the amount of graduate schools on campus, and teaching techniques are important tips to giving a student a successful education. The two learned the tips from visiting a variety of schools and doing researchWORKS CITED PAGEHacker, Andrew and Claudia Dreifus. Are College Worth the Price of Admission? They say I say With Readings. 2nd edition. Cathy Birkenstein, Gerald Graff, Russel Durst. New York Norton, 2012. 179-189. Print.

Oliver Twist by Charles Dickens Essay

Oliver Twist is a fabrication written by Charles Dickens. The novel follows an orphan boy named Oliver through many trials and tribulations he must endure. through and through this he does have a few kind, compassionate, and stable people to rely on. Two of the most yettful were Nancy and rosebush Maylie. Within this essay I will give a detailed description of both arise and Nancy and also comp ar and contrast the two.First I would exchangeable to introduce you to Nancy. Nancy is the only pistillate character of Fagins group. Being a part of this group Nancy must steal from the rich in order to make money for basic necessities and keep her relationships with the crew. This lifestyle puts he in the criminal complaisant class or otherwise know as the lowest of the low social class. Nancy, much like Oliver, was also an orphan growing up. She acquires no formal education therefore she can neither testify nor write. Even though Nancy was not blessed with the luxury of the basic u p delivery, she maintains very impressive street smarts. She displays this when bringing stolen goods to Fagin that are bundled like a baby so it is not witnessed as suspicious.Nancy may have been a criminal but she had a great heart. She had a great relationship with alone of Fagins boys and cared for all of them. She also cared greatly for her boyfriend vertex Sikes who, in my opinion, did not return this love. Bill was very shameful towards Nancy and seemed to threaten her on a regular basis. When confronted with the question, Do you love me Bill? by Nancy, he did not directly answer and proceeded to ignore the question. In the end it was also Bill who ended up murdering Nancy. Apparently, Bill Sikes thought Nancy telling Mr. Brownlow and Rose where to find Oliver was punishable by death. By following through with the achieve of peaching, Nancy shows how much she truly cares about Oliver.Another major character in Olivers life was Rose Maylie. Rose Maylie was a ward of Mr. Br ownlow, therefore also making her an orphan. Mr. Brownlow was an Upper Middle Class man, which make Rose and Upper Middle Class Victorian woman. She, like many others from her social class, was well educated. She even was very talented at playing the piano. Mr. Brownlows grandson, Edward, wanted to marry Rose.Rose, seeing that Edwards mentation was wrong, expressed to him how against the idea she was something very uncommon for that day in age. Oliver was brought into the home by Mr. Brownlow after Oliver was wrongfully accused of pick pocketing him. While Oliver is changing into clean, more appropriate clothing, Rose notices scars on Olivers brook due to beatings. From then on Rose feel obligated to protect poor Oliver. She becomes somewhat of a sister figure to him. Throughout the novel Rose protects and defends Oliver.As you can see Nancy and Rose are different in many ways. However, both women do have a few things in common. Rose and Nancy both had very different social classe s.

Definition of Good and Evil Essay

The nature of severe and evil iodine of humanities never ending conflicts since the beginning of time. For instance in the novella core group of Darkness by Joseph Conrad explores the issues touch imperialism, and centers Marlow the main character. The conflict between good and evil is particularly evident throughout the story. In following the novella you begin analyzing and thinking theories for instance people ar inherently evil and its expressed in varieties of forms, or people are inherently good, but become corrupted by society and some other outside forces.In my perspective Im in position of people are inherently good, but become corrupted by society and other outside forces I do gestate theyre people who are inherently good but influenced negatively by society and remain on evil. I stand on this position because in total of Darkness Marlow expresses The word ? tusk rang in the air, was whispered, was sighed. You would think they were praying to it. A taint of imbec ile rapacity blew through it all, like a smell from some corpse. By Jove Ive never seen anything so unreal in my life.And outside, the silent wilderness surrounding this cleared speck on the earth struck me as something great and invincible, like evil or truth, waiting patiently for the passing away of this fantastic invasion. (Conrad 368) This quote Marlow clarifies that hes in this place because of the white mans pursuit for ivory which caused death and greed in which it proves the point of good people influenced by evil forces. Another example of this is in Part III in Heart of Darkness when Marlow and Kurtz finally meet each other through the steamships departure from the knowledgeable Station.Here Marlow describes his developing relationship with Kurtz in terms of intimacy and betrayal. Marlow in any case indicates that the Africa natives are responsible for Kurtzs current condition of evilness and cruelty. Finally in the end after Kurtz dies his last words were the offen se, the horror I believe Kurtz is referring to the darkness in his heart or emptiness, also being a nonstarter of his destiny. Chinua Achebe feels differently about the novella Heart of Darkness mainly because its concept of evil.She expresses that The Heart of Darkness projects the assure of Africa as the other world, the antithesis of Europe and therefore of civilization, a place where a mans vaunted cognizance and refinement are finally mocked by triumphant bestiality in other words evil. Achebe also disliked the fact how the African natives were perceived as ignorant and simply just faded into the background. Achebe cerebrate by stating realized that no easy optimism was possible. And there is something totally wrong in offering bribes to the wolfram in return for its good opinion of Africa. In conclusion Africa was where colonist evil dwelled in Heart of Darkness. Evil in which takes the form of imperialism, hypocrisy, ambiguity, and moral confusion. In which case proves m y theory people are inherently good, but become corrupted by society and other outside forces. You can fallow Marlow in the novella in how he is forced to align himself with either the hypocritical and malicious colonial bureaucracy or the malevolent Kurtz. This will assure the reasons why the nature of good and evil is one of humanities never ending conflicts.

La Dentelliere Essay

La Donatellore Examine the role of the uneducated wo domain in society as portrayed by pop Lain in his novel La Donatellore. La Donatellore by Pascal Lain, notably a sociologist and not an author, follows the flavour of a young girl, Pomme, as she matures Into adulthood. A main theme examined by Lain passim the novel is the role of the uneducated woman and the social boundaries a privation of information may deliver for them. Primarily he shows this with the vague characterization of Pomme, her mother and her friend Marylne as strong as through with(predicate) her relationship with a man, Almery.To begin, we first see Lain portray the uneducated woman through Pommes mother. As with Pomme, we never learn the mothers real name, rendering her also insignificant. In the beginning of the novel Pommes mother works as a prostitute in a bar In order to provide for her child after her husband walked out on her, ever so repeating the phrase A vote service. Her submissive and subservi ent attitude demonstrates her lack of education and hence her lower social status than the c comprisents. Further more than. he accepts her situation In life without asking questions or raying to change it, a trait which she passed on to her daughter Ellis acceptant tout implement lies joins et lies dbores quo lie sort leur distribuait sans profusion Being uneducated has led mother to believe there Is nothing more for her in life than the card fate has dealt them. predominantly, intentions pommels bland, transparent and impressionable personality to demonstrate her lack of education.As menti singled, Pomme takes after her mother in accepting everything that comes her way. She is entirely without inspiration or aspirations for her life and is quite content with her transmission line at a haircare anon doing only the menial tasks for furious interns Pomme ne savait ni friser, ni couper, ni telndre. On surety ramasser les serviettes. Lain demonstrates that Isnt capable of havi ng a Job with certain responsibility, but also that she neither cares to find one.Pomme is the inspiration for Lains title La Donatellore The Lace maker, a famous picture by Jan vermin. She is both the lace and the lace maker. On one hand she Is fragile, delicate and Intricately woven In her simplicity, but then at the same sentence is simply transparent, basic Pomme. Lain uses this Imagery to show that Pommes lack of substance is derived from her uneducated background and she testament never be capable of achieving much, yet performs every menial task using all her driveway and concentration. t, nimporte locale, deviant i mmdiatement cet accord, better unite. Furthermore, the social boundaries a lack of education may carry for woman are highlighted through the character of Marylne, Pommes friend and hairdressing She longs to be of a higher social word form but for her it is impossible to change class use to her uneducated background Marylne se rendait bien compte quil y avait tout ct delle, des autres gens et du tapage, une humanit suprieure In fact, social class and education go hand in hand Marylne was born into a lower social class and hence never authentic an education meaning that social mobility is unattainable. Lain here uses Marylne to highlight the relation between social class and a lack of education. Lain also achieves this through the failure of Pommes relationship with Almery de Blign, a man of a much higher social status than her. From the offset of their relationship Almery tries to change Pomme.Despite creation deeply attracted to her simplicity, he tries to educate and culture her, playing her Malhers symphony. While Almery is nearly moved to divide listening to the work, Pomme seems entirely unaffected Pomme stait doucement levee, aprs la dernire note de la symphonie elle avait dtach ses mains du poste de radio Puis elle tait alle faire la vaisselle qui restait de dJeuner. At this Almery is astounded and somewhat disgusted, show ing that he will never accept her for her lack of education and so the elationship between the classes will never be possible.Lain also demonstrates a distinct difference between the classes by showing Aimerys extreme ambition compared with Pommes lack of drive to achieve anything. On one hand, Almery serait-il un Jour conservateur en chef dun grande muse case whilst Pomme is content with her basic, mundane life at present, another aspect Almery cannot accept about Pomme. Hence through the failure of their relationship Lain demonstrates the social confinements for uneducated, lower class women.In summary, Pascal Lains La Dentellire effectively portrays the role that uneducated women play in society and in turn societys social standings. Lain managed to successfully exhibit, through the use of Pomme, her mother, Marylne and Pommes relationship with Almery, that the uneducated women of society tend to be of a lower social status and highlights the vicious circle that keeps these wome n from climbing the social ladder due to their qualified lack of education oppressing them, keeping them at societys base level. 728 words

Emotional Physical and Mental Benefit of Horseback Riding

Overall sense of wellbeing Horseback riding is a great combination of cardiovascular and muscle-strengthening exercise. As we have discussed in antecedent articles, regular exercise imparts various psychological realizes. Increased self-confidence The idea of being able to give an animal much larger than ourselves improves our self-confidence. Adding a new skill to our repertoire excessively increases our sense of self worth. lessen stress When you engage in hogback riding, you need to focus on the nuances of the entire ritual and process.This helps take your mind off mundane worries, which in turn relieves stress. modify focus For me, the most eye-opening aspects of vaulting plyback riding ar the subtle details that ar involved in any step of the process, from preparing the knight for the ride all the way to dismounting the horse. All of this not only requires signifi give the gatet focus but also helps cultivate better focus. Improved self-discipline The art of horse care and horseback riding is a great example of inter-species communication. Every nuance of our behavior affects the horses behavior.Therefore, in order to be a good passenger, you must cultivate the self-discipline to modulate your own behavior e. g. smooth breathing, boilersuit calmness, etc. Improved patience Horseback riding requires learning a whole new situated of skills which takes time. And getting to understand the psychology of horses is a process too. So, by riding horses regularly, we can learn to be more patient which is a desirable quality. A sense of freedom and elation I can tell you from my own escort that being able to ride a horse, a much large and powerful creature, gives me a sense of elation and freedom.I know of many people who have had the aforesaid(prenominal) experience. A sense of teamwork, responsibility and social networking Working with a group of people (e. g. trainers, fellow passengers, etc. ) towards the same goal teaches us the va lue of teamwork and responsibility. This is particularly important for children. Additionally, children enjoy the opportunity to develop a healthier social network which is less likely to lead them to troubles. Development of respect for animals I believe every human should show respect for our fellow animals.Horseback riding definitely makes us aware of the amazing abilities and sensibilities of horses indeed creating a renewed respect for animals. Improved risk-taking abilities Since riding is clearly a risk sport, the process of become an consummate rider teaches us how to manage potential risks judiciously. Therapeutic riding Horseback riding has been employ since the 50? s, with much success, in helping physically disabled people to improve their physical and worked up health. This is described as therapeutic riding. Emotionally disabled people are also known to benefit from therapeutic riding.For example, autistic children are known to focus better and even utter thei r first speak words temporary hookup on the back of a horse. Safety comes first Please be vigilant in choosing a training farm and/or a trainer. Attention to the safety of people and animals is predominate and wearing a helmet is a must. (http//medinagazette. northcoastnow. com/2010/07/21/the-psychology-of-horseback-riding/) Psychological Benefits * General sense of well-being. Exercise in the newfangled air of a paste, away from hospitals, doctors office, therapy rooms, or home help to promote a sense of well-being. Improved self-confidence Confidence is gained by mastering a skill unremarkably performed by able-bodied people. The dexterity to control an animal much larger and stronger than oneself is a great confidence builder. Participating in events such as shows and play days add to the sense of achievement. * Increased interest in the outside human race. For those enwrapped by a disability, the world tends to shrink in size. move increases interest in what is happ ening most the rider, as the rider explores the world from the back of a horse. Even exercising becomes interesting when done on horseback. Increased interest in ones own life. The excitement of riding and the experiences involved stimulate the rider, encouraging the rider to speak and communicate about it. * Improved risk-taking abilities. Riding is a risk sport. The rider learns to master fears though the act of staying on the horse, as well as attempting new skills and positions on the horse. * Development of patience. Since the horse has a mind of its own, the rider learns patience as he or she attempts to perform skills on the horse when the horse is not cooperating.Repetition of basic riding principles also helps to develop patience. * Emotional control and self-discipline. The rider quickly learns that an out-of-control rider means an out-of-control horse. Shouting, crying, and emotional outbursts upset the horse, which in turn frightens the rider. Riders learn to control th ese emotions and appropriately express them. * guts of normality. By being able to master a skill considered difficult by the able population, the rider experiences him/herself as being normal. * Expansion of the locus of control.The rider begins to view him/herself as having control over his/her world as control over a powerful animal increases. (http//www. strides. org/psycho. html) * Friendship. Although riding can be a solitary activity, it is normally performed in groups. Riders share a common issue of horses and a common experience of riding a good foundation on which to build a friendship. * Development of respect and love for animals. Horses require a great deal of care and attention. Riders find themselves bonding with the animals. They develop an interest in them and learn to care for them.They learn to put the needs of the horse first. * Increased experiences. The variety of experiences involved in riding are endless. From secure and grooming to trail riding, from goi ng to horse shows to learning the parts of a horse, the rider is constantly experiencing and growing. The horse also provides the rider with the ability to go places otherwise inaccessible payable to the disability. * Enjoyment. There is no doubt about it, riding a horse is fun. Riders experience excitement and delectation every time they come for a lesson. (http//www. strides. org/social. html) Physical Benefits * Improved balance.As the horse moves, the rider is constantly propel off-balance, requiring that the riders muscles contract and relax in an attempt to rebalance. This exercise reaches deep muscles not accessible in stodgy physical therapy. The three-dimensional rhythmical drive of the horse is similar to the motion of walking, teaching rhythmical patterns to the muscles of the legs and trunk. By placing the rider in different positions on the horse (therapeutic vaulting), we can work different sets of muscles. Stopping and starting time the horse, changing speed and changing direction increase the benefits. Strengthened muscles. Muscles are strengthened by the increase use involved in riding. Even though riding is exercise, it is perceived as enjoyment, and therefore the rider has increased tolerance and motivation to lengthen the period of exercise. * Improved coordination, faster reflexes, and better motor planning. Riding a horse requires a great deal of coordination in order to get the desired reply from the horse. Since the horse provides instant feedback to every action by the rider, it is easy to know when you have given the reform cue.Repetition of patterned movements required in controlling a horse quickens the reflexes and aids in motor planning. * reach of tight or spastic muscles. Sitting on a horse requires stretching of the adductor muscles of the thighs. This is accomplished by pre-stretching prior to mounting the horse, and starting the rider off on a narrow horse, stepwise working to wider and wider horses. Gravity helps t o stretch the muscles in front of the leg as the rider sits on the horse without stirrups. Riding with stirrups with heels level or down helps to stretch the heel cords and calf muscles.Stomach and back muscles are stretched as the rider is encouraged to maintain an upright posture against the movement of the horse. Arm and hand muscles are stretched as part of routine exercises on the horse and by the act of holding and using the reins. * Decreased spasticity. Spasticity is reduced by the rhythmic motion of the horse. The warmth of the horse may aid in relaxation, especially of the legs. Sitting astride a horse helps to determine up extensor spasms of the lower limbs. Holding the reins helps to break flexor spasm patterns of the upper limbs.Many of the developmental vaulting positions are also designed to break up or reduce spasticity. Fatigue also helps to decrease spasticity by producing relaxation. * Increased range of motion of the joints. As spasticity is reduced, range of mo tion increases. Range of motion is also improved by the act of mounting and dismounting, tacking up, grooming, and exercises during lessons. * Reduction of abnormal movement patterns. If spasticity is reduced and range of motion increased, it follows that abnormal movements will be inhibited.Relaxation techniques while riding also help to inhibit abnormal movement. * Improved respiration and circulation. Although riding is not normally considered a cardiovascular exercise, trotting and cantering do increase both respiration and circulation. * Improved appetite and digestion. bid all forms of exercise, riding stimulates the appetite. The digestive tract is also stimulated, increasing the efficiency of digestion. * Sensory integration. Riding stimulates the haptic senses both through touch and environmental stimuli.The vestibular system is also stimulated by the movement of the horse, changes in direction and speed. The olfactory system responds to the many smells involved in a stab le and ranch environment. Vision is used in control of the horse. The many sounds of a ranch help to involve the auditive system. All of these senses work together and are integrated in the act of riding. In addition, proprioceptors ( receptors that give training from our muscles, tendons, ligaments and joints) are activated, resulting in improved proprioception. (http//www. strides. org/physical. html)